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Biological psychiatry and the invention of the asylum in modern America organic theories and somatic treatments: A history and case study.

机译：生物精神病学和现代美国庇护所的发明有机理论和躯体治疗：历史和案例研究。

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The history of modern biological psychiatry is inextricably entwined with the history of the mental asylum. This study evaluated the theories and practices of modern biological psychiatry and the asylum in the United States.;The study is divided into 4 sections. First, presentation of the author's own case study of being labeled schizophrenic, institutionalized, and receiving electroconvulsive shock treatments as a teenager. Second, a history of the asylum and biological psychiatry in modern America. This history emphasizes 20th-century developments: the advent of the shock therapies, lobotomies, and neuroleptic drugs; the discrepancies between claims made for various somatic treatments and actual efficacy studies; the finances and demographics of deinstitutionalization; the evolution and hegemony of the DSM. Third, the commentary section presents the medical model of mental illness as the originary tale---the premier regime of truth---driving the field, deconstruction of the major genetic psychiatry studies, a feminist critique of the unique relation women have to psychiatry in the West, and the sociological critique emphasizing cross-cultural studies and labeling theory. Fourth, the discussion section presents suggestions for improvements.;There were several major conclusions. First, in the United States where billions of dollars are spent on legions of practitioners by millions of clients, both prevalence and chronicity rates for "mental illness" have increased substantially. Secondly, in the West, prognoses for severe mental illness are much worse and chronicity is much higher than in developing countries. Thirdly, historically, the asylum population was disproportionately drawn from the ranks of the poor, the immigrant, female, elderly, and persons of color; hence, the dynamics of race, class, gender, and age are reflected in psychiatric evaluations. Finally, evidence used to support any organic theory of persons labeled mentally ill---including the biochemical imbalance theory---is inconclusive because: (a) the field of biological psychiatry is pervaded by hyperbole, false claims, and pseudoscience; (b) no genetic basis for "mental illness" has been demonstrated and genetic psychiatry research is riddled with methodological flaws and ideological bias; and (c) the influence of the pharmaceutical industry on the field of biological psychiatry is extensive.

机译：现代生物精神病学的历史与精神病院的历史密不可分。这项研究评估了美国现代生物精神病学和庇护的理论和实践。该研究分为四个部分。首先，介绍作者自己的案例研究：青少年时期被标记为精神分裂症，被制度化并接受电惊厥休克治疗。第二，现代美国庇护和生物精神病学的历史。这段历史着重于20世纪的发展：休克疗法，肺切除术和抗精神病药的问世；对各种躯体治疗的索赔与实际疗效研究之间的差异；非机构化的财务和人口统计； DSM的演变和霸权。第三，评论部分将精神疾病的医学模型描述为起源故事-首要的真理体系-驱动领域，对主要遗传精神病学研究的解构，对女性与精神病学独特关系的女权主义批评在西方，社会学评论则强调跨文化研究和标签理论。第四，讨论部分提出了改进建议。有几个主要结论。首先，在美国，数以百万计的客户花了数十亿美元购买从业人员，“精神疾病”的患病率和慢性病率都大大增加了。其次，在西方，严重精神疾病的预后要差得多，慢性病的发病率要比发展中国家高得多。第三，从历史上看，庇护人口不成比例地来自穷人，移民，女性，老年人和有色人种。因此，种族，阶级，性别和年龄的变化反映在精神病学评估中。最后，用于支持被标记为精神疾病的人的任何有机理论的证据-包括生化失衡理论-尚无定论，因为：（a）生物精神病学领域充斥着夸张，虚假主张和伪科学；（b）没有证明“精神疾病”的遗传基础，遗传精神病学研究充斥着方法论缺陷和意识形态偏见；（c）制药业对生物精神病学领域的影响是广泛的。

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作者
Hodkin, Laurel Jennifer.;
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作者单位

Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center.;

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授予单位 Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center.;
学科 Psychology General.;Health Sciences Mental Health.;History of Science.;Psychology Psychobiology.
学位 Ph.D.
年度 1999
页码 501 p.
总页数 501
原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
中图分类整形外科学（修复外科学）;
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机译：点评：历史的研究：一个书目指南，历史的英语理念从柯勒律治到科林伍德，英国当地历史，亚瑟和他的英语变脸：亚瑟王传说中中世纪英国生活和文学，在英国文艺复兴时期颁布性别舞台上，莎士比亚的女性结局，写英文共和国：诗歌，修辞学和政治学1627年至1660年，对旧的新故事：在小说中，天主教和反天主教在早期现代英语文本，长子继承权和继承权在英国圣经模式：综述文学中的历史和代表，通过对小说恢复的英语内战：一个注释的参考书目，戴安娜，自我利益和英国国家身份，古人与现代人之间的古典罗马的痕迹和古典罗马：巴洛克文化在恢复英格兰，浪漫英格兰的Bacchus：1780-1830，厌恶经济学的作家和饮料：十八世纪的文学业务ritain，伪造的房子在十八世纪的英国，穿着我们的衣服，牛津伴侣的浪漫时代：英国文化，1776 - 1832，国内空间：阅读十九世纪的内部，维多利亚人理论上：从德里达到布朗，美德的年龄：英国文化从恢复到浪漫主义，悲惨的痛苦：维多利亚州的残疾和感情，妇女作家第一次世界大战：一个注释的书目，文学中的酒吧，英国工业小说，人类的缘故想要：市场苏格里希第德森市场的经济和美学。 C.，历史的研究：一个书目指南，第二版，曼彻斯特大学出版社，2000，第十四+ 140，£40.00.ParkerChristopher，历史的英语从理念到柯勒律治科林伍德，Ashgate出版社，2000，页。 VII + 244，£45.Richardsonr。 C.（ed。），英语当地历史的变化面孔，ashgate，2000，pp。viii + 218，£45.00.00.00.Parronw。 RJ（编辑），亚瑟和他的英文：亚瑟王传说中中世纪英国生活和文学，威尔士出版社，1999年大学，第398，£35.00.ComensoliViviana和RussellAnne（EDS），英国文艺复兴舞台上颁布性别，伊利诺伊大学出版社，1999，第270页，18.95英镑; SaunderseVe Rachel，在早期现代英格兰舞台上的雷切尔，性别和识字，剑桥大学出版社，1999，PP。260，£35.BerringPhilippa，莎士比亚的女性化的遗址，Routledge，1999，PP。197，£15.99 PB。 Bellilona，伊丽莎白裔女性和甲师诗歌，剑桥大学出版社，1998，PP。262，£35.00.norbrookdavid，写英国共和国：诗歌，修辞和政治1627-1660，剑桥大学出版社，1999，PP。XIII + 509 ，£40.FischHarold，对于旧的新故事：在小说，Macmillan出版社，1998年，第圣经模式X + 236，£42.50; Fischharold，Shakespeare，Milton和Blake的圣经存在，1999年，PP。Xi + 330，£45.marottiarthur F.（Ed。），天主教和早期现代英语文本，Macmillan，1999，PP的天主教和反天主教。XVII + 266，£47.50; Shellalison，天主教，争议和英国文学想象，1558-1660，剑桥大学出版社，1999，PP。XI + 309，£37.50.Jamoussizouheir，Punigoghts和Envland在英国：他们在文学中的历史和代表调查，中心出版大学，突尼斯，1999，PP。293,8 DT.Murphorn Xane C.，英语内战通过虚构的恢复：一个注释书目，格林伍德出版社，韦斯特波特，CT，CT。，2000，PP。VIII + 349，£63.95 .HammondPaul，德莱顿和古典罗马，克拉伦登出版社，牛津，1999年的痕迹，第305，£45.00.LevineJoseph M.，古人和现代人之间：巴洛克文化恢复英格兰，耶鲁大学出版社，1999，页。 XIV + 279，£27.50.50.50.5.50.Tayloranya，浪漫英格兰的Bacchus：作家和饮料，1780-1830，Macmillan，1999，PP。Xi + 264，£47.50.Mandelllaura，罕有内容：十八世纪英国的文学业务，肯塔基州大学，1999，PP。X + 228，$ 42.00.Bainespaul，在十八世纪的英国伪造之家，阿什捷，1999年，PP。第八次+ 195，£47.50.50.50.50.Munnsjessica和Richardspenny（EDS），穿着我们，纽瓦克，特拉华大学出版社，1999，PP。362，£ 37.McCalmanIain（编辑），牛津伴侣对浪漫的年龄：英国文化，1776年至1832年，牛津大学出版社，1999，页。 XII + 780，£85.Brydeninga和Floydjanet（EDS），国内空间：阅读十九世纪内部，曼彻斯特大学出版社，1999，PP。XII + 219，£40.00; KiddAlan和NichollsDavid（EDS），性别，公民文化和消费：在英国，1800年至1940年中产阶层的身份，曼彻斯特大学出版社，1999年，第十四+ 223，£46.00，PB。 14.99英镑的理论上，从Derrida到Browning，曼彻斯特大学出版社，1999年，PP。X + 180，£40.Moreedavid，富于浪漫主义，2000，2000，PP。八+ 330，£45.Klesmary，悲惨的痛苦：宾夕法尼亚大学的维多利亚州美国的残疾和感情，1999年，第211次，第一次第一次世界大战的妇女作家：一名注册参考书目，rutledge，2000，pp。230，75英镑; TyleeClaire与Turnerelaine和Cardinalagnes（EDS），战争扮演妇女：国际选集，Routledge，2000，PP。225，£16.99 PB.Taylorjohn A.，戴安娜，自身利益和英国国家身份，Praeger，2000，PP 。169，£44.95.EARNShawsteven，文学中的酒吧，曼彻斯特大学出版社，2000，PP。X + 294，£45和15.99英镑PB.Klaush。古斯塔夫和骑士。（EDS），英国工业小说，威尔士大学出版社，2000，PP。VIII + 212，£14.99 PB。 Balchjack S.，伊利诺伊大学高中中午的灯，2000年，PP。XL + 404，$ 19.45 PB。康罗伊士队，伊利诺伊大学的世界胜利，2000年，PP。XXXV + 348，17.95磅PB.Gagnierregenia，人类想要的缘故：市场学会的经济学和美学，芝加哥大学出版社，2000，PP。352，£ 10.50 PB。

Biological psychiatry and the invention of the asylum in modern America organic theories and somatic treatments: A history and case study.

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