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Global climate change and human behavior: Decreasing energy consumption.

机译：全球气候变化与人类行为：减少能源消耗。

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摘要

To decrease carbon dioxide emissions per capita and hopefully reduce the problem of climate change, many scientists have addressed supply-side methods using carbon-reduction technologies such as carbon capture and storage. But with increasing population and rising energy demand in developed and developing countries, it is unclear whether supply-side methods alone can make sufficient progress toward solving the problem. This thesis investigates demand-side management methods to facilitate a reduction in carbon emissions. The thesis consists of three main studies. First, I design and implement intervention experiment to facilitate a decrease in energy consumption. Second, I use surveys to understand when and why an individual would accept voluntary actions, soft regulations or hard regulations to curb fossil fuel consumption. Third, I show how lay perceptions of energy consumed by different every-day behaviors differ from actual energy consumption data.;My first experiment was an eight-week intervention study that examined whether holding people accountable for their behaviors leads to energy conservation (n = 100). The intervention asked participants for reasons why they did or did not engage in energy conserving behaviors, with questions focusing on household operations, transportation, and food purchases. Results show that the intervention, in general, did not facilitate behavior change in these sectors. However, an important finding is that participants erroneously perceived there is not much difference in energy saved by several different behaviors. Furthermore, 60% of participants perceived a change in their own behavior over the course of the study even though no overall behavior change occurred. This result could imply that participants have optimistic illusions regarding their own behavior change.;My second experiment was a study on preferences to change behavior. Pittsburgh residents (n = 209) reported their preferences for voluntary actions, soft regulations, and hard regulations to (a) limit the number of SUVs and trucks and (b) increase green energy use for household energy consumption. These two goals were presented in one of two motivating frames, as addressing either environmental or national security issues. For the goal of limiting SUVs and trucks, results indicated that participants favored voluntary actions over hard regulations, and soft regulations over voluntary actions. For the goal of increasing green energy, results indicated that participants preferred both voluntary actions and soft regulations over hard regulations, but had no significant preference between voluntary actions and soft regulations. Participants' environmental attitudes (as assessed using the New Ecological Paradigm scale) had a strong positive relationship with support for regulatory strategies intended to change the behaviors in question. Women were more likely to support voluntary actions than men. The loss of personal freedom was frequently mentioned as a reason for saying no to hard regulations.;My third experiment studied how participants (n = 505) perceive energy consumption and savings for household, transportation, and recycling behaviors. Participants' showed a tendency to overestimate energy consumption and savings for low-energy behaviors and underestimate energy consumption and savings for high-energy behaviors. On average, participants underestimated the amount of energy used or saved by different behaviors. Pro-environmental attitudes and higher numeracy scores were associated with more accurate perceptions of energy consumption. However, participants who reported engaging in a greater number of environmental behaviors had less accurate perceptions of energy consumption. On average, participants reported that engaging in energy-conserving behaviors would not be difficult for any of the behaviors considered.
机译：为了减少人均二氧化碳排放量并有望减少气候变化问题，许多科学家已经提出了使用碳减排和碳减排等碳减排技术的供应方方法。但是随着发达国家和发展中国家人口的增长和能源需求的增加，目前尚不清楚仅靠供应方方法能否在解决问题上取得足够的进展。本文研究了需求侧管理方法，以促进减少碳排放。本文主要包括三个方面的研究。首先，我设计并实施干预实验以促进能耗的降低。其次，我使用调查来了解个人何时以及为什么会接受自愿行动，软性法规或硬性法规来抑制化石燃料的消耗。第三，我展示了不同日常行为所消耗的能量的外在观念与实际能源消耗数据有何不同。;我的第一个实验是一个为期八周的干预研究，旨在研究让人们对自己的行为负责的做法是否可以节约能源（n = 100）。干预措施询问参与者为何参加或不参加节能行为的原因，并针对家庭经营，交通和食品购买等问题。结果表明，总体而言，该干预措施无法促进这些部门的行为改变。但是，一个重要发现是，参与者错误地认为几种不同行为节省的能量没有太大差异。此外，即使没有整体行为发生变化，在整个研究过程中，仍有60％的参与者意识到自己的行为发生了变化。这个结果可能暗示参与者对自己的行为改变抱有乐观的幻想。；我的第二个实验是对改变行为偏好的研究。匹兹堡居民（n = 209）报告说，他们倾向于自愿行动，软性法规和硬性法规，以（a）限制SUV和卡车的数量，以及（b）增加绿色能源用于家庭能耗。在解决环境或国家安全问题的两个激励框架之一中提出了这两个目标。为了限制SUV和卡车的目标，结果表明，与硬性规定相比，参与者更倾向于自愿性行为，软性规定胜于自愿性行为。以增加绿色能源为目标，结果表明，参与者比硬性规定更喜欢自愿行动和软性规定，但自愿性行动和软性规定之间没有明显的偏好。参与者的环境态度（使用“新生态范式”量表评估）与旨在改变有关行为的监管策略的支持之间存在着密切的积极关系。妇女比男子更有可能支持自愿行动。人们经常提到丧失人身自由是拒绝硬性规定的原因。我的第三个实验研究了参与者（n = 505）如何看待能源消耗和家庭，运输和回收行为的储蓄。参与者表现出了高估低能耗行为的能耗和节约趋势，而低估了高能耗行为的能耗和节约趋势。平均而言，参与者低估了不同行为所消耗或节省的能量。亲环境的态度和较高的计算得分与对能量消耗的更准确认识有关。但是，据报告参与更多环境行为的参与者对能量消耗的认识较不准确。平均而言，参与者报告说，对于所考虑的任何行为，从事节能行为并不困难。

著录项

  • 作者

    Attari, Shahzeen Z.;

  • 作者单位

    Carnegie Mellon University.;

  • 授予单位 Carnegie Mellon University.;
  • 学科 Environmental Sciences.;Engineering Environmental.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2009
  • 页码 154 p.
  • 总页数 154
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 环境科学基础理论;环境污染及其防治;
  • 关键词

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