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Wastewater treatment and cleaner production in the Chinese pharmaceutical industry: How institutions, incentives, and capabilities influence organizational behavior.

机译：中国制药行业的废水处理和清洁生产：制度，激励机制和能力如何影响组织行为。

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This research investigates two technologies involved in Chinese industrial water pollution control: wastewater treatment systems and cleaner production. It answers three main research questions: How well are Chinese pharmaceutical factories treating their wastewater? What factors explain the difference between good, fair, and poor wastewater treatment performance in factories? And how effective a means is cleaner production as a tool for reducing industrial water pollution? The study focuses on the pharmaceutical industry.; The research utilized a case study methodology. Individual Chinese pharmaceutical factories served as cases. For the analysis of wastewater treatment systems, the study population consisted of nine factories in Shanghai, Shenyang, and Dalian. For the investigation of cleaner production, two factories, one in Shijiazhuang and one in Zibo, were cases.; A quantitative evaluation of overall wastewater treatment at nine case factories shows that most of the case factories were not treating their wastewater very well. This research identifies two inter-related reasons that explain why. First, the current institutional setting for industrial water pollution control does not provide incentives for local environmental regulators, pharmaceutical enterprises, and wastewater treatment technology providers to behave in a way that promotes good wastewater treatment. And second, local environmental regulators, enterprises, and equipment providers often lack the capabilities necessary to behave in ways that promote good wastewater treatment. Factories with better wastewater treatment performance were often the targets of focused government clean-up efforts and they also manufactured less bulk pharmaceutical product than their poor-performing counterparts.; Cleaner production projects implemented at two case factories led to notable reductions in water pollution. The economic benefits of implementing cleaner production could not be determined because economic analyses conducted by the case factory project staff were incomplete. The lack of a comprehensive economic analyses was surprising since it is commonly assumed that saving money is what motivates enterprises to implement options identified through cleaner production audits. Although the opportunity to reduce pollution and save money played some role in motivating factories to implement cleaner production options, other motivations were present because the audits were conducted as part of an international project.
机译：这项研究调查了涉及中国工业水污染控制的两项技术：废水处理系统和清洁生产。它回答了三个主要的研究问题：中国制药厂对废水的处理效果如何？哪些因素可以解释工厂的废水处理效果好，中等和差？清洁生产作为减少工业用水污染的工具有多有效？该研究集中在制药行业。该研究采用了案例研究方法。个别中国制药厂为例。为了分析废水处理系统，研究人群由上海，沉阳和大连的9家工厂组成。为了调查清洁生产，有两个工厂，一个在石家庄，另一个在淄博。对九个案例工厂的总体废水处理进行的定量评估表明，大多数案例工厂对废水的处理效果都不佳。这项研究确定了两个相互关联的原因，可以解释原因。首先，当前工业用水污染控制的体制设置并没有激励当地环境监管机构，制药企业和废水处理技术提供商采取促进良好废水处理的方式。其次，当地的环境监管者，企业和设备提供商通常缺乏必要的能力，无法以良好的废水处理方式行事。具有更好废水处理性能的工厂通常是政府重点清理工作的目标，并且它们生产的散装药品也要比表现不佳的同行少。两个案例工厂实施的清洁生产项目显着减少了水污染。由于案例工厂项目人员进行的经济分析不完整，因此无法确定实施清洁生产的经济利益。缺乏全面的经济分析令人惊讶，因为通常认为省钱是促使企业实施通过清洁生产审核确定的选择的动力。尽管减少污染和节省资金的机会在激励工厂实施清洁生产方案方面发挥了一定作用，但由于审计是国际项目的一部分，因此存在其他动机。

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