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首页> 外文学位 >The market for genetic resources: The role of research and development in the valuation and conservation of biological intellectual capital.
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The market for genetic resources: The role of research and development in the valuation and conservation of biological intellectual capital.

机译：遗传资源市场：研究与开发在评估和保护生物知识资本中的作用。

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The economic study of biological resources has focused traditionally on the role of living creatures as sources of material, such as food and fiber. An emerging literature, however, has begun to examine the economic role of biological materials as sources of information. As new techniques of genetic manipulation lead to enormous growth in biotechnology, these bioinformatic resources promise to play an increasingly important role as inputs to innovation. Partly as a consequence, national and other organizations are moving to establish property rights over genetic resources, asserting claims of intellectual property rights over materials that had, until recently, been viewed as the common heritage of humanity.; The dissertation examines a set of questions that are raised by this enclosure of the genetic commons. Following an introductory chapter, the first essay, "Valuing Research Leads: Bioprospecting and the Conservation of Genetic Resources," considers the question, Under what conditions can the privatization of genetic resources create significant incentives for biodiversity conservation? Previous work has suggested that the scarcity rents accruing to genetic resources are likely be vanishingly small. The essay shows that these earlier results depend sensitively on a counter-factual assumption---that prospectors are constrained to use brute-force search procedures.; The second essay, "Bioprospecting With Patent Races," examines the effect of product-market competition on the demand for genetic resources. Earlier work has argued that the potential presence of redundancy in the space of research options has a strongly depressive effect on the demand for these options. The value that a research lead contributes to a portfolio of research options must be discounted to allow for the possibility that the lead merely duplicates a discovery that would eventually have been made anyway. As the size of the collection becomes very large, this "redundancy cost" virtually negates the benefits the lead provides as a potential source of product discovery. It is shown, however, that when there is significant competition between innovating firms, this result no longer obtains.; Results are derived under a maintained hypothesis that R&D firms gain access to leads through the purchase of options, before any research activity commences. The third essay, "Risk Management in Bioprospecting Markets," examines whether the results are sensitive to the design of these contracts. An alternative market is analyzed in which firms purchase access rights on a spot market as they are needed, rather than acquiring a portfolio of options.; The relationship between the value of genetic resources and the quality of information is pursued further in the last essay, "Genetic Resources Libraries: Bioprospecting and Knowledge Assets." This chapter examines the incentives facing the owners of research leads to invest in data to characterize and catalog their collections. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
机译：传统上，对生物资源的经济研究一直将重点放在生物作为食物和纤维等物质来源的作用上。然而，新兴的文献已经开始研究生物材料作为信息来源的经济作用。随着基因操纵的新技术导致生物技术的巨大发展，这些生物信息资源有望作为创新的投入发挥越来越重要的作用。因此，部分原因是，国家组织和其他组织正在建立遗传资源的财产权，主张对直到最近才被视为人类共同遗产的材料提出知识产权主张。论文探讨了由遗传公域的这种封闭所引起的一系列问题。在介绍性章节之后，第一篇文章“重视研究线索：生物勘探与遗传资源的保护”考虑了以下问题：遗传资源的私有化可以在什么条件下为生物多样性的保护创造重要的诱因？先前的工作表明，由于遗传资源而产生的稀缺租金可能会很小。这篇文章表明，这些较早的结果很敏感地取决于一个反事实的假设-探矿者被限制使用蛮力搜索程序。第二篇文章“专利竞赛中的生物勘探”探讨了产品市场竞争对遗传资源需求的影响。较早的工作认为，研究选择空间中可能存在的冗余对这些选择的需求具有严重的抑制作用。研究领导带给研究选择组合的价值必须低估，以允许领导仅复制可能最终会被发现的发现的可能性。随着馆藏的规模变得很大，这种“冗余成本”实际上抵消了潜在客户作为产品发现的潜在来源所提供的好处。然而，事实表明，当创新企业之间存在重大竞争时，这种结果将不再获得。结果是根据一个不变的假设得出的，即在任何研究活动开始之前，研发公司都可以通过购买期权获得潜在客户。第三篇文章“生物勘探市场中的风险管理”探讨了结果是否对这些合同的设计敏感。分析了一个替代市场，在该市场中，企业在需要时购买了现货市场上的访问权，而不是购买期权组合。在上一篇文章“遗传资源图书馆：生物勘探与知识资产”中进一步探讨了遗传资源的价值与信息质量之间的关系。本章探讨了研究负责人面临的动机，即他们需要对数据进行投资以表征和分类其馆藏。 （摘要由UMI缩短。）

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