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Hydrologic mechanisms and optimization of in-situ copper leaching. Case study: BHP copper, San Manuel, Arizona.

机译：水文机理和原位铜浸出的优化。案例研究：必和必拓铜业公司，亚利桑那州圣马努埃尔。

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In-situ copper leaching at BHP Copper's San Manuel open pit mine was established in 1986. Currently, over a thousand wells on the benches of the open pit mine are simultaneously injecting and pumping sulfuric acid solutions. A large-scale reconfiguration of the well field in 1996 led to a dramatic, yet temporary, increase in copper pounds, apparently due to changes in flowpaths. While the first reconfiguration was accomplished by means of hydrologic intuition, a question arose regarding the issue of whether subsequent reconfigurations supplemented with additional smaller scale characterization could ultimately lead to increased copper production. To study this question, two fifty-well sites were selected within the in-situ leach well field. Because in-situ leaching involves the movement of fluid within the subsurface, hydrology is a natural context in which to study the process. The desire to optimize well-to-well in-situ leaching for enhanced copper recovery through the fundamental understanding of important hydrologic mechanisms is the primary motivation for this dissertation. Hydrologic testing in San Manuel is inherently challenging due to the hydraulically dynamic environment. A hydraulic cross-hole testing procedure termed “Cyclic Pulse Testing” (CPT) was used to overcome this issue. Over 100 pressure responses obtained via CPT at the two test sites were examined by means of type curve analysis. The spatially distributed hydraulic parameters were analyzed within the framework of geostatistics. The kriged heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity fields were inputted into a numerical flow and transport model to study, along with other issues, the impact heterogeneity has upon the in-situ leaching process.; A number of conclusions were reached based upon the investigation of the two test sites. Comparison between single-hole and cross-hole hydraulic tests revealed the probable presence of a low permeable skin surrounding the wells. By far, the most important hydrologic mechanism controlling the in-situ leaching process in San Manuel was the massively induced hydraulic background gradient, in places, on the order of 35° . Modeling revealed insignificant differences on the sweeping efficiency of the formation between heterogeneous and homogeneous simulations. However, due to the two-dimensional nature of the collected data, additional three-dimensional information may lead to a different conclusion.
机译：必和必拓铜业的San Manuel露天矿的原地铜浸始于1986年。目前，露天矿工作台上的一千多口井正在同时注入和泵送硫酸溶液。 1996年，对井场进行了大规模的重新配置，显然是由于流路的变化，导致了铜磅的急剧而暂时的增加。虽然第一次重新配置是通过水文直觉完成的，但有关随后进行的重新配置并辅以其他更小规模的表征，是否最终会导致铜产量增加的问题引起了一个问题。为了研究这个问题，在现场浸出井田中选择了两个五十口井。由于原位浸出涉及地下流体的运动，因此水文学是研究该过程的自然背景。通过对重要水文机理的基本了解来优化井间原位浸出以提高铜的采收率是本论文的主要动机。由于水力动态的环境，圣曼努埃尔的水文测试固有地具有挑战性。液压跨孔测试程序称为“循环脉冲测试”（CPT），用于克服此问题。通过类型曲线分析检查了在两个测试点通过CPT获得的100多个压力响应。在地统计学的框架内分析了空间分布的水力参数。将克里格特非均质水力传导率场输入到数值流和输运模型中，以研究非均质性对原位浸出过程的影响。根据对两个测试地点的调查得出了许多结论。单孔和跨孔水力试验之间的比较表明，井周围可能存在低渗透性表皮。到目前为止，控制圣曼努埃尔原位浸出过程的最重要的水文机理是局部诱发的 35° 量级的大量诱发水力背景梯度。建模显示，异构模拟和均匀模拟之间在地层清扫效率上的差异不明显。但是，由于所收集数据的二维性质，其他三维信息可能会得出不同的结论。

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