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Information foraging among anthropologists in the invisible college of human behavioral ecology: An author co-citation analysis.

机译：看不见的人类行为生态学院的人类学家中的信息觅食：作者同被引分析。

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This study develops an optimal foraging model for understanding how scholars seek and use information in creating new knowledge. It assumes that scholars attempt to maximize benefits and cut costs in pursuing useful information, analogous to the way that human and animal foragers search for and process food resources in unpredictable environments. The study focuses on human behavioral ecology, an interdisciplinary specialty created by anthropologists, psychologists, biologists, and others. By following the empirical trace of co-cited authors, the study analyzes specialty intellectual structure (bibliographic topography) from the perspective of its anthropological contributors. The problem investigated is how bibliographic artifacts and invisible college identity are related to information foraging behavior.; From a purposive sample of five active contributors, I derived names of recently referenced authors and significant colleagues to create multidimensional scaling maps of areas of research concern. These renderings of the bibliographic topography reflect the consensual view of authors publishing in Social Sciences Citation Index source journals, but are based on the range of information sources actually selected by individual contributors. Cluster analysis classified co-cited authors into three center-periphery zones: contributor's own cluster, other core clusters, and omitted clusters. Results show that scholars, searching and handling mechanisms vary by zone, variations that are accounted for by the optimal foraging model.; Findings suggest that behaviors such as regular reading, browsing, or the deliberate information search (relatively solitary information-seeking activities) yielded resources belonging mostly to peripheral zones. Peripheral resources tended to be first-time references, previously unfamiliar to citing authors, and retrieved (handled) through temporary loan from colleagues or libraries. By contrast, resources belonging to core zones emerged from routine monitoring of key sources and such socially mediated activities as graduate training, colleague recommendation, review of prepublication drafts, and reprint exchange. Core resources had been referenced previously, retrieved from existing personal collections, and the authors were often collaborators or acquaintances. The center-periphery model illuminates how core-scatter bibliometric distributions describe the likelihood of encounter with given pairs of authors in a given bibliographic environment. A balance between the redundancy or novelty of resources relative to the overall scholarly resource mix is proposed as a measurable currency for scholarly information behavior.; Repeated co-citation of others' work is one mechanism whereby scholars create and maintain boundaries that facilitate the rejection of irrelevant information. Such boundaries constitute invisible colleges. A pair of maps of the specialty at large reveal boundaries to be both stable and permeable. Principal components analyses show boundary-spanning authors to integrate the bibliographic topography.; Biologists and anthropologists have developed powerful theories to describe and explain the decision-making processes of animal and human foragers as they exploit variable habitats. This study applies some of the methods and principles developed in behavioral ecology to investigate the communication practices of its own members. Findings from the study make theoretical and methodological contributions to the synthesis of bibliometrics and the study of information users.
机译：这项研究开发了一种最佳的觅食模型，用于理解学者如何在创造新知识时寻求和利用信息。它假设学者试图在寻求有用信息时最大限度地提高收益并削减成本，这类似于人类和动物觅食者在无法预测的环境中搜索和加工粮食资源的方式。该研究的重点是人类行为生态学，这是人类学家，心理学家，生物学家和其他学者创建的一个跨学科专业。通过遵循同被引用作者的经验轨迹，该研究从其人类学贡献者的角度分析了专业知识结构（书目地形）。研究的问题是书目制品和隐身的大学身份如何与信息搜寻行为相关。从五个积极贡献者的目标样本中，我得出了最近引用的作者和重要同事的名字，以创建研究关注领域的多维缩放图。书目形貌的这些呈现方式反映了在《社会科学引文索引》（italic）来源期刊中发表的作者的共识观点，但基于各个撰稿人实际选择的信息来源范围。聚类分析将同被引用的作者分为三个中心外围区域：贡献者自己的聚类，其他核心聚类和遗漏聚类。结果表明，学者，搜索和处理机制因地域而异，而这种差异是由最佳觅食模型引起的。研究结果表明，诸如定期阅读，浏览或故意的信息搜索（相对独立的信息搜索活动）之类的行为产生的资源主要属于外围区域。外围资源往往是首次引用，以前不熟悉被引用的作者，并通过从同事或图书馆临时借来检索（处理）。相比之下，属于核心区域的资源来自对关键资源的例行监视以及诸如研究生培训，同事推荐，出版前草稿审阅和再版交换之类的社会中介活动。之前已经引用了核心资源，这些资源是从现有的个人收藏中获取的，并且作者通常是合作者或熟人。中心周围模型阐明了核心散布书目分布如何描述在给定书目环境中与给定作者对相遇的可能性。相对于整个学术资源组合，资源的冗余性或新颖性之间的平衡被提出作为学术信息行为的可衡量货币。重复引用他人的作品是一种机制，学者们可以通过这种机制来创建和维护边界，以方便拒绝无关的信息。这样的界限构成了看不见的大学。一对大型专业地图显示边界既稳定又可渗透。主成分分析表明作者跨越了边界，使书目地形得以整合。生物学家和人类学家已经开发出了强有力的理论来描述和解释动物和人类觅食者在利用可变栖息地时的决策过程。这项研究运用行为生态学中开发的一些方法和原理来调查其成员的交流实践。这项研究的发现为文献计量学的综合和信息用户的研究提供了理论和方法上的帮助。

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