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首页> 外文学位 >International norms, American foreign policy and African famine: A comparative study of United States humanitarian policy in Nigeria/Biafra, Ethiopia, and Somalia.
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International norms, American foreign policy and African famine: A comparative study of United States humanitarian policy in Nigeria/Biafra, Ethiopia, and Somalia.

机译：国际准则，美国外交政策和非洲饥荒：对美国在尼日利亚/比夫拉，埃塞俄比亚和索马里的人道主义政策的比较研究。

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摘要

This study explores the ways an international norm prescribing that states have a moral obligation to provide assistance to countries suffering from famine has shaped American foreign policy. This is accomplished through the detailed study of US humanitarian policy toward three African countries experiencing famine: Nigeria/Biafra (1967-1970), Ethiopia (1982-1986), and Somalia (1991-1993).;The international famine relief norm affected American foreign policy through moral pressure placed on the executive branch by "norm entrepreneurs" in the US Congress, non-governmental and international organizations, the media, and the American public. Policymakers responded to this pressure because it had the ability to damage the reputation of the administration and the United States. Reputational damage inflicted by norm entrepreneurs raised the social costs of norm violation and compelled policymakers to take moral concerns into consideration when formulating American foreign policy toward Nigeria/Biafra, Ethiopia, and Somalia.;Norm entrepreneurs alone, however, cannot, and do not, determine US behavior. Their influence is circumscribed by US security and economic interests, the power structure of the international system, and the actions of non-governmental and international organizations. Detailed study of the policy process in each case elucidates the ways each of these factors affected policymakers' responses to the demands of norm entrepreneurs and helps to account for the highly divergent policy outcomes among the three cases. Failure to examine how norm entrepreneurs' pressure interacts with these three variables can exaggerate their power to shape US policy.;The dissertation contributes to the international norms literature by identifying problems associated with treating norm compliance and violation as objective phenomena and suggests that compliance is better understood as a socially-constructed concept. By highlighting the ways policymakers factor social and moral concerns into their preference calculations, it adds to the growing constructivist literature which challenges neorealist accounts of international politics which only focus on material aspects of state interest formation. Yet, by specifying an array of variables exogenous to norms which have the ability to circumscribe their influence, the study offers a more nuanced rendition of the empirical process by which international norms shape state behavior than constructivists have tended to provide.
机译：这项研究探讨了国际规范规定国家有道义上的义务向遭受饥荒的国家提供援助的方式如何影响了美国的外交政策。这是通过对美国针对三个经历饥荒的非洲国家的人道主义政策进行的详细研究来实现的：尼日利亚/比亚夫拉（1967-1970），埃塞俄比亚（1982-1986）和索马里（1991-1993）。在美国国会，非政府组织和国际组织，媒体和美国公众中，由于道德压力在行政部门施加外交政策。决策者对此压力做出了回应，因为它有能力损害政府和美国的声誉。规范企业家造成的声誉损害增加了违反规范的社会成本，并迫使政策制定者在制定美国对尼日利亚/比亚夫拉，埃塞俄比亚和索马里的外交政策时要考虑到道德上的顾虑。然而，仅规范企业家就不能这样做，也不是，确定美国的行为。美国的安全和经济利益，国际体系的权力结构以及非政府组织和国际组织的行动限制了它们的影响。对每种情况下政策过程的详细研究，阐明了这些因素如何影响政策制定者对规范企业家的要求的反应，并有助于解释这三种情况下政策结果的高度差异。未能检查规范企业家的压力如何与这三个变量相互作用会夸大其塑造美国政策的能力。本论文通过确定与将规范遵守和违反作为客观现象相联系的问题，为国际规范文献做出了贡献，并表明遵从性更好。被理解为社会建构的概念。通过强调决策者将社会和道德问题纳入他们的偏好计算的方式，它增加了日益增长的建构主义文献，这些文献对仅关注国家利益形成的实质方面的国际政治新现实主义观点提出了挑战。但是，通过指定规范外生的变量数组，这些变量具有限制其影响的能力，该研究提供了一种经验过程的细微的解释，这种经验过程使国际规范塑造国家行为的方式比建构主义者倾向于提供的。

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  • 作者

    Phillips, Jason.;

  • 作者单位

    The Johns Hopkins University.;

  • 授予单位 The Johns Hopkins University.;
  • 学科 International law.;Public policy.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 1998
  • 页码 296 p.
  • 总页数 296
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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