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The flow and stability of water-in-oil emulsions and the behavior of thin oil films.

机译：油包水型乳液的流动性和稳定性以及薄油膜的行为。

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This thesis presents studies on the behavior of water-in-oil emulsions, investigating (1) the flow and coalescence of emulsions and (2) the structure and stability of thin oil films that separate water drops in an emulsion. The principal objective of this work was to develop a better fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of coalescence to aid in the breaking of waste emulsions found in oil spills and refinery sludges.; The first part of this work focused on the use of fibrous mats to induce coalescence in these concentrated, water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions. Extensional rheological measurements made on concentrated water-in-oil emulsions showed that elongational flow (contributing significantly to the flow pattern in a porous medium) did not induce any structuring or produce unexpected rheological behavior. Experiments on emulsion flow through fibrous mats were fairly inconclusive but did show that (1) fibrous mats can induce coalescence for concentrated emulsions and (2) both preferential wettability and surfactant type play key roles in the effectiveness of a fibrous mat coalescer. Difficulties were encountered in obtaining materials that would allow systematic studies, and a lack of any real understanding of the mechanistic factors that underlie emulsion stability was realized.; To help develop a more fundamental understanding of emulsion stability, studies on the structure and stability of thin oil films were made using an industrial polymeric surfactant. Applied voltages were used to determine film thickness from capacitance measurements and to apply compressional forces on the films. The films were found to be very thick and compressible compared to both lipid films and the expected polymer molecular configuration. Experiments on the rupture of the films at high voltages showed rupture occurs due to the formation and growth of pores. Purification of polymer and a decrease in film area increase the stability of the films. Comparisons between mechanical and electrical coalescence are difficult to make owing to the formation of stable, conductive pores.
机译：本文对油包水型乳液的性能进行了研究，研究了（1）乳液的流动和聚结，以及（2）分离乳液中水滴的薄油膜的结构和稳定性。这项工作的主要目的是对凝聚机制有更好的基本了解，以帮助打破在溢油和炼油厂污泥中发现的废弃乳液。这项工作的第一部分集中于使用纤维毡在这些浓缩的油包水型（w / o）乳液中诱导聚结。在浓缩油包水乳液中进行的拉伸流变学测量表明，伸长流（对多孔介质中的流型有显着贡献）不会引起任何结构化或产生意想不到的流变行为。乳液流过纤维垫的实验尚无定论，但确实表明（1）纤维垫可引起浓缩乳液的聚结，（2）优先润湿性和表面活性剂类型对纤维垫聚结器的有效性起关键作用。在获得可以进行系统研究的材料时遇到了困难，并且意识到对构成乳液稳定性的机理因素缺乏任何真正的了解。为帮助对乳液稳定性有更基本的了解，使用工业聚合物表面活性剂对薄油膜的结构和稳定性进行了研究。施加的电压用于通过电容测量确定薄膜厚度，并在薄膜上施加压缩力。与脂质膜和预期的聚合物分子构型相比，发现该膜非常厚且可压缩。高压下薄膜破裂的实验表明，破裂是由于孔的形成和生长而发生的。聚合物的纯化和膜面积的减少增加了膜的稳定性。由于形成了稳定的导电孔，因此很难进行机械和电气合并的比较。

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