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Russian advocates in a post-Soviet world: The struggle for professional identity and efforts to redefine legal services.

机译：后苏联时代的俄罗斯倡导者：为寻求专业身份而进行的斗争以及重新定义法律服务的努力。

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摘要

This dissertation examines how the Russian bar (advokatura) and its members (advocates, or advokaty) shaped and were shaped by the first years of a significant political and socioeconomic transition (1985-95). It analyzes the bar's role in the Russian legal reform process, as well as assesses the development of pluralism, civil society, and legal professions, particularly in their relations with the state.;This thesis argues that, beginning under Gorbachev, significant reforms of the advokatura's organization occurred as a result of the initiatives of both state officials and advocates. The presence of competing national bar organizations, new bar associations (colleges), and various types of law offices represents a more pluralistic approach to the process of re-institutionalization in Russia. Moreover, colleges have gained more, though not complete, control over such professional issues as entrance and training, compensation, and the creation of new law offices.;Historical patterns of state-profession interaction and internecine conflict have reasserted themselves, however. First, justice officials continue to interfere in the advokatura's efforts to build a professional program, particularly in the drafting of a revised law on the advokatura, and advocates have not strongly challenged the state's actions. Second, internal divisions, as well as state intervention, have prevented the advokatura from becoming a unified interest group and monopolizing its control over the legal services markets in the 1990s. Advocates failed to reach compromises over major issues of self-regulation.;My dissertation has also shown how advocates now have a broader range of ways in which to represent and counsel clients. Findings on advocates' work in representing clients in appeals against state officials and agencies, in arbitration courts and business consultations, and in environmental and consumer protection cases show how advocates are enabling clients to assert their new civil and economic rights more effectively. On the other hand, revisions to the Criminal Procedure Code have not eliminated many of the traditional constraints that Soviet courts placed on defense attorneys. My findings on advocates' criminal defense work in regular courts and in jury trials in Moscow and Ivanovo indicate that advocates continue to encounter opposition to their expanded participation.
机译：本论文研究了在重要的政治和社会经济转型的最初几年（1985-95年），俄罗斯律师协会（advokatura）及其成员（倡导者或advokaty）是如何塑造和塑造的。它分析了律师协会在俄罗斯法律改革过程中的作用，并评估了多元化，公民社会和法律职业的发展，特别是在与国家的关系中。；本文认为，从戈尔巴乔夫开始，对律师业进行了重大改革。 advokatura的组织是州官员和拥护者的倡议的结果。竞争激烈的国家律师组织，新的律师协会（学院）和各种类型的律师事务所的存在代表了俄罗斯重新机构化过程中更为多元化的方法。此外，大学在入学和培训，薪酬和建立新的律师事务所等专业问题上获得了更多但不是完全的控制权;然而，国家与行业互动和内部冲突的历史模式已经重新确立了自己的地位。首先，司法官员继续干涉副官建立专业计划的努力，特别是在起草有关副官的修订法律方面，拥护者们并未对国家的行为提出强烈挑战。其次，内部分裂以及国家干预阻止了Advokatura在1990年代成为统一的利益集团并垄断了对法律服务市场的控制。拥护者未能就自我监管的主要问题达成妥协。;我的论文还显示了拥护者现在如何具有更多的代表和咨询客户的方式。辩护律师在代表客户代理州官员和机构的上诉，仲裁法院和商业咨询以及环境保护和消费者保护案件方面的工作结果表明，辩护律师如何使客户更有效地主张其新的公民权利和经济权利。另一方面，对《刑事诉讼法》的修订并没有消除苏联法院对辩护律师施加的许多传统限制。我在莫斯科和伊凡诺沃的常规法院和陪审团中对辩护人的刑事辩护工作的调查结果表明，辩护人继续遭到反对，反对扩大他们的参与。

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  • 作者

    Jordan, Pamela Ann.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Toronto (Canada).;

  • 授予单位 University of Toronto (Canada).;
  • 学科 Law.;Political Science General.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 1997
  • 页码 421 p.
  • 总页数 421
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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