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首页> 外文学位 >Influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the response of benthic macroinvertebrates to metals.
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Influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the response of benthic macroinvertebrates to metals.

机译：非生物和生物因素对底栖大型无脊椎动物对金属的响应的影响。

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I tested the hypothesis that stream invertebrate communities from streams of different size and altitude varied in their response to metals. To evaluate how metals affected biotic interactions, I manipulated invertebrate density, predation intensity, and metals in stream microcosms. Using stream invertebrate communities, I also designed an experiment and field survey to identify reliable bioindicators of metal contamination in western streams.; Results from microcosm experiments and field studies showed that benthic invertebrate populations from high-altitude streams were more sensitive to the effects of metals than invertebrate populations from low-altitude streams. For example, densities of most groups of aquatic insects (e.g., Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) were reduced more at high-altitude metal contaminated streams than those same groups at low-altitude streams.; To determine if body size contributed to the variation in sensitivity of insects to metals, size measurements were made on species collected from a high-altitude stream and from a low-altitude stream, and from control and metal-treated stream microcosms. Most species were smaller at the high-altitude stream than the same species from the low-altitude stream. In addition, insect body size was larger in metal-dosed microcosms than in controls indicating survival was less for small individuals. Thus the variation in response of macroinvertebrates between different altitude streams observed in earlier studies may be due to differences in body size.; The effects of low levels of metals (half the chronic levels of Cd, Cu, and Zn) on some species varied in relation to invertebrate density (low and high density) and invertebrate predation (no predators added and predators added). The effects of an invertebrate predator (Hesperoperla pacifica) on Hydropsyche sp. was significantly greater in metal-dosed microcosms than in controls.; Experiments in stream microcosms showed that heptageniid mayflies were the most sensitive group to a metal mixture. Heptageniid mayflies were also consistently less abundant downstream of sources of metal contamination in the Arkansas and Eagle rivers. Therefore, results from this experiment and field survey suggest that changes in abundance of heptageniid mayflies may provide a reliable indicator of metal contamination in western streams.
机译：我检验了以下假设：不同大小和高度的溪流中的无脊椎动物群落对金属的反应各不相同。为了评估金属如何影响生物相互作用，我操纵了无脊椎动物的密度，捕食强度和河流微观世界中的金属。利用河流无脊椎动物社区，我还设计了一个实验和野外调查，以找出可靠的西部河流金属污染生物指示剂。微观实验和现场研究的结果表明，高海拔河流的底栖无脊椎动物种群比低海拔河流的无脊椎动物种群对金属的影响更为敏感。例如，在高海拔金属污染的溪流中，大多数水生昆虫群（例如，表翅目，鞘翅目，毛鳞翅目）的密度要比低海拔溪流中的同类昆虫更多。为了确定体形是否有助于昆虫对金属的敏感性变化，对从高空流和低空流以及对照和金属处理流的微观世界收集的物种进行了大小测量。大多数物种在高海拔流域都比低海拔流域中的相同物种小。此外，在金属给药的缩影中，昆虫的体型要比对照大，这表明小个体的存活率较低。因此，早期研究中观察到的不同高度流之间的大型无脊椎动物响应的变化可能是由于体型的差异。低水平金属（慢性镉，铜和锌水平的一半）对某些物种的影响随无脊椎动物密度（低密度和高密度）和无脊椎动物捕食（不添加捕食者和捕食者）而变化。无脊椎动物捕食者（Hesperoperla pacifica）对Hydropsyche sp。的影响。在金属剂量的微观世界中比在对照中显着更大。流微观世界中的实验表明，蝶形may可能是对金属混合物最敏感的基团。在阿肯色州和伊格尔河的金属污染源下游，七叶类动物的may鱼数量也一直较少。因此，该实验和现场调查的结果表明，类戊二烯可能存在的丰富度的变化可能为西部溪流中的金属污染提供了可靠的指示。

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