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Shareholding integrated forestry tenures: A case from south China.

机译：股份制林业综合使用权：来自中国南方的案例。

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摘要

This study explores theories of participation and the adoption of innovations regarding effectiveness of community forestry programs. The study was conducted in six villages in the Sanming prefecture, Fujian Province of south China from February 1991 to November 1994.;The research problem concerns how variation between certain broad policy approaches relate to observed variations in the social organization, acceptance, and general attitudes of the villagers and variations in forest productivity. Historically, a variety of traditional, feudal, capitalist, and socialist systems have been applied to the forests of south China. However, our interest is in three policies that have been tried in the region since 1958--a socialist commune system, a household capitalist system, and most recently a middle ground approach, a Share Holding Integrated Forest Tenure (SHIFT) system.;The study methods include an exhaustive and systematic search of available documents regarding forest practices, social organization, history, and village tenure records. There was an intensive three month field study from February 1991 to May 1991. During this period the research team, consisting of the author and three professional foresters from various Chinese forestry universities, interviewed a sample of seventy-four villagers in four SHIFT and one non-SHIFT villages in the Sanming region. This sample represented about 6% of the client villagers in each community. Selection of the sample was designed to provide a representative sample of the client population. Interviews were also conducted in one non-SHIFT village in Nanping with similar social and forestry conditions to those of villages in Sanming.;Other methods of data collection were examination of over 300 articles, documents, records, statistics, original contracts, and other first-hand materials of various sources from the Chinese central government to the local villages; regional surveys focused on Sanming combined with investigations of sample villages and interviews with seventy-four farmers and villagers.;We found a major discomformity between what was observed and what was claimed by the Chinese government reform theory, suggesting that only a version of a capitalist household system can correct the errors of top-down control by the socialist ownership system. The capitalist household system resulted in the manmade catastrophe of losing one million hectares of premature forests in south China from 1981 to 1987. The socialist commune system was high on participation but low on forest productivity. The household capitalist system was high on gain but low on sustainability.;SHIFT, as a middle-ground system, has succeeded in innovating a share holding system--a "private-like" property redistribution--to link individual villagers' incentives and to represent public ownership of community forests. The SHIFT forest tenure--comprising six different types to meet different goals, and eleven characteristics--was adopted to overcome the inefficiency of the socialist central planning management system. The SHIFT system, through its middle-ground approach, also succeeded in solving problems among environment, production, and social equity concerns; between "top-down" socialist impact and "bottom-up" capitalist drive; between social forestry benefits and human forestry demands; as well as other social and individual benefits. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).
机译：这项研究探讨了有关社区林业计划有效性的参与和采用创新的理论。这项研究于1991年2月至1994年11月在华南福建省三明县的六个村庄进行;研究问题涉及某些广泛政策方法之间的差异如何与观察到的社会组织，接受程度和一般态度的变化相关村民的比例和森林生产力的差异。从历史上看，各种传统的，封建的，资本主义的和社会主义的制度都被应用于中国南方的森林。但是，我们的兴趣是自1958年以来在该地区尝试的三项政策-社会主义公社系统，家庭资本主义系统以及最近的中间立场方法-股份制综合森林保有权（SHIFT）系统。研究方法包括详尽而系统地搜索有关森林实践，社会组织，历史和村庄保有权记录的可用文件。从1991年2月到1991年5月，进行了为期三个月的深入研究。在此期间，由作者和来自中国林业大学的三名专业林务员组成的研究小组采访了四个SHIFT和一个非SHIFT中的74个村民。 -三明地区的SHIFT村庄。该样本代表了每个社区中约6％的客户村民。样本选择旨在提供具有代表性的客户群体样本。在南平的一个非SHIFT村中进行了访谈，该村的社会和林业状况与三明村类似。其他数据收集方法是检查300多篇文章，文档，记录，统计数据，原始合同，以及其他从中央政府到当地村庄的各种来源的手工资料；围绕三明的区域调查，对样本村庄的调查以及对74位农民和村民的访谈相结合;我们发现观察到的与中国政府改革理论所声称的之间存在重大不一致性，这表明只有资本主义的一种形式家庭制度可以纠正社会主义所有制的自上而下控制的错误。资本主义家庭制度导致了人为的灾难，1981年至1987年，中国南方失去了100万公顷的过早森林。社会主义公社体制参与度很高，但森林生产力却很低。家庭资本主义制度的收益很高，但可持续性却很低。SHIFT作为一种中间制度，已经成功地创新了股份制-一种“类似私人的”财产再分配制度-将各个村民的激励与代表社区森林的公共所有权。为了克服社会主义中央计划管理体制的低效率，采用了SHIFT森林保有权制度-包括六种不同的类型以满足不同的目标和十一个特征。 SHIFT系统通过其中间立场方法，也成功解决了环境，生产和社会公平问题之间的问题。在“自上而下”的社会主义冲击与“自下而上”的资本主义动力之间；在社会林业收益与人类林业需求之间；以及其他社会和个人利益。 （摘要由UMI缩短。）。

著录项

  • 作者

    Song, Yajie.;

  • 作者单位

    Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.;

  • 授予单位 Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.;
  • 学科 Sociology Social Structure and Development.;Economics Agricultural.;Agriculture Forestry and Wildlife.
  • 学位 D.F.E.S.
  • 年度 1995
  • 页码 369 p.
  • 总页数 369
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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