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Reliability analysis of common hazardous waste treatment processes.

机译：常见危险废物处理过程的可靠性分析。

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Five hazardous waste treatment processes are analyzed probabilistically using Monte Carlo simulation to elucidate the relationships between process safety factors and reliability levels. The treatment processes evaluated are packed tower aeration, reverse osmosis, activated sludge, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, and activated carbon adsorption.; The mathematical models used to evaluated each process are the simplest validated deterministic models available in the literature that provide realistic results. Using simple models which require the fewest data inputs increases the likelihood of locating adequate data to generate probability distributions for the model input parameters without sacrificing the integrity of the process model.; Probability distributions for the model parameters are based on data located through extensive literature searches. When sufficient data points for a particular parameter are available, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test is used to determine the appropriate probability distribution. When only a few data points or a data range for a parameter are available, the probability distribution is assumed and sensitivity analyses are performed to evaluate the effects of the assumption.; Safety factors, defined as the ratio of an effluent standard to the median design effluent concentration, are determined for each process. Reliability, defined as the frequency that the effluent concentration is lower than the effluent standard, is also determined.; Relationships between treatment costs and reliability levels provide information to decision makers about the tradeoffs of increasing costs with increasing reliability levels. Treatment costs are based on generic designs and are intended for relative comparison only.; The conservatism provided by conventional deterministic designs for the five treatment processes does not always provide high reliability for specific pollutant removal. The degree of reliability required of a treatment process is ultimately a social decision. Relationships between cost and reliability have been determined for each process to aid these decisions.
机译：使用蒙特卡洛模拟对五个危险废物处理过程进行了概率分析，以阐明过程安全因素与可靠性水平之间的关系。评估的处理过程包括塔式充气，反渗透，活性污泥，上流厌氧污泥层和活性炭吸附。用于评估每个过程的数学模型是提供实际结果的最简单的经过验证的确定性模型，可从文献中获得。使用简单的模型需要最少的数据输入，这增加了找到足够的数据以生成模型输入参数的概率分布而不牺牲过程模型的完整性的可能性。模型参数的概率分布基于通过大量文献搜索获得的数据。当有足够的数据用于特定参数时，将使用Kolmogorov-Smirnov拟合优度检验来确定适当的概率分布。当参数的几个数据点或数据范围可用时，假设概率分布，并进行敏感性分析以评估假设的效果。确定每个过程的安全系数，安全系数定义为废水标准液与设计中值废水浓度之比。还确定了可靠性，定义为流出物浓度低于流出物标准的频率。治疗成本和可靠性水平之间的关系为决策者提供了有关增加成本与提高可靠性水平之间的权衡的信息。处理费用基于通用设计，仅用于相对比较。传统的确定性设计为五个处理过程提供的保守性并不总是为特定污染物的去除提供高可靠性。治疗过程所需的可靠性程度最终是一项社会决策。已经确定了每个过程的成本和可靠性之间的关系，以帮助做出这些决定。

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