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首页> 外文学位 >The effects of organic and conventional corn-soybean rotations on soil organic matter characteristics: The Rodale Farming Systems Trial experiment.
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The effects of organic and conventional corn-soybean rotations on soil organic matter characteristics: The Rodale Farming Systems Trial experiment.

机译：有机和常规玉米-大豆轮作对土壤有机质特征的影响：Rodale农业系统试验实验。

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摘要

Soil organic matter (SOM) is associated with soil productivity in numerous ways. Despite the fact that it is linked to desirable soil physical, chemical and biological properties there are few explicit organic matter management recommendations. This work tested the lay (farmer) hypothesis that organic management practices "build soils" by investigating whether 10 years under organic and conventional management generated differences in: (1) biologically active SOM, (2) the quantity and composition of physically and chemically isolated organic matter fractions, and (3) the fate of newly applied organic compounds.; The Rodale Institute Research Center's Farming Systems Trial (FST) was begun in 1981. It compares two organically and one conventionally managed corn-soybean rotations. The organic treatments include an animal based rotation amended with manure and hay crops and a cover crop based cash-grain rotation. The conventional rotation is cash-grain based and is amended with fertilizers and pesticides as needed.; Several indirect measures of "active" SOM were investigated to determine whether FST rotations altered biologically labile C pools. Active C fraction studies suggested soils underlying organic treatments accumulated dynamic (microbial activity, and available and mineralized N) and stable C (reduced water dispersible organic C and increased particulate SOM). The cover cropped soil accumulated the most organic matter and its C was relatively recalcitrant. SOM in the manure amended soil was the most labile; despite the high levels of organic residue addition in this treatment, underlying soils did not accumulate SOM.; Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (DR-FTIR) was combined with chemical and physical fractionation techniques to document changes in the chemical composition of soil organic matter that are due to crop rotation effects. This work characterized the functional group composition and total C and N contents of: Humic acid, Fulvic acid, Particulate SOM, organo clays from loose and aggregated soil, and clay and fine-sand associated SOM. Peak ratios of DR-FTIR signal intensities assigned to aliphatic and aromatic functional groups showed that aliphatic compounds were enriched in the Fulvic acid and Particulate soil organic matter fractions of the organically fertilized soils. Similar peak ratios in Humic acid spectra indicated manure amendment increased the aromatic functional group compliment.; The effect of the three FST rotational histories on the fate of newly applied organic compounds was investigated using solid state CP-MAS {dollar}sp{lcub}13{rcub}{dollar}C-NMR to track added {dollar}sp{lcub}13{rcub}{dollar}C-labeled acetate, benzoate, catechol, and an unamended control. Amended soil was incubated for (1) two weeks, (2) three months, and (3) gamma sterilized and incubated for three months. Soil rotational history and compound chemistry both influenced the quantity and structural conformation of {dollar}sp{lcub}13{rcub}{dollar}C retained in newly formed organic matter in acetate amended soils.
机译：土壤有机质（SOM）以多种方式与土壤生产力相关联。尽管它与理想的土壤物理，化学和生物特性有关，但几乎没有明确的有机物管理建议。这项工作通过调查有机管理和常规管理下的10年是否在以下方面产生了以下差异，检验了有机管理实践“建立土壤”的外行（农民）假设：（1）具有生物活性的SOM，（2）物理和化学分离的数量和组成（3）新应用的有机化合物的命运。 Rodale Institute研究中心的耕作系统试验（FST）始于1981年。该试验比较了两种有机方式和一种常规方式管理的玉米-大豆轮作。有机处理包括以粪便和干草作物改良的基于动物的轮作，以及基于现金谷物轮作的覆盖作物。常规轮作是以现金为基础的，并根据需要使用化肥和农药进行修订。研究了几种“主动” SOM的间接测量方法，以确定FST旋转是否改变了生物不稳定的C库。活性碳含量研究表明，进行有机处理的土壤累积了动态的（微生物活性，以及​​可利用的和矿化的氮）和稳定的碳（减少了水分散性有机碳和增加了颗粒SOM）。覆被作物土壤中有机质含量最高，其碳相对顽强。粪肥改良土壤中的SOM最不稳定。尽管在该处理中添加了大量的有机残留物，但下面的土壤并未积累SOM。漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱（DR-FTIR）与化学和物理分馏技术结合使用，以记录由于作物轮作效应而引起的土壤有机质化学成分的变化。这项工作表征了腐殖酸，富勒酸，颗粒状SOM，疏松和团聚土壤中的有机黏土以及黏土和细砂相关的SOM的官能团组成以及总C和N含量。分配给脂肪族和芳香族官能团的DR-FTIR信号强度的峰值比表明，脂肪族化合物富含有机肥土的富勒酸和颗粒状土壤有机质部分。腐殖酸光谱中相似的峰比表明，粪肥改良增加了芳香族官能团的含量。使用固态CP-MAS {dol} sp {lcub} 13 {rcub} {dollar} C-NMR跟踪添加的{dollar} sp {lcub，研究了这三种FST旋转历史对新应用有机化合物的命运的影响。 } 13 {rcub} {dollar} C标记的乙酸盐，苯甲酸盐，邻苯二酚和未经修饰的对照。将改良的土壤温育（1）两周，（2）三个月，以及（3）γ灭菌并温育三个月。土壤的旋转历史和复合化学都影响在乙酸改良土壤中新形成的有机物中保留的{sp} lc {lcub} 13 {rcub} {dollar} C的数量和结构构象。

著录项

  • 作者

    Wander, Michelle Mary.;

  • 作者单位

    The Ohio State University.;

  • 授予单位 The Ohio State University.;
  • 学科 Agriculture Agronomy.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 1992
  • 页码 305 p.
  • 总页数 305
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 农学（农艺学）;
  • 关键词

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