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Ecologically Inspired Metrics for Rare Earth Element Critical Material Systems.

机译:稀土元素关键材料系统的生态启发指标。

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摘要

Greenhouse gas emission reduction targets have increased demand for clean energy technologies, and the growth required for these technologies has led to concern over material availability and criticality. Critical materials are defined as having risks associated with them such as supply gaps or price volatility. Existing metrics for criticality determination are narrowly focused on physical scarcity of single materials, whereas many critical materials are byproducts of large, complex, interconnected material systems. Industrial ecology borrows methods from ecology to study complex material and energy flows, which can be used for a systems-perspective analysis. In this work, critical rare earth material systems are likened to food webs and analyzed using ecological network metrics and metrics borrowed from network analysis. This study considers food web metrics---partner diversity, connectance, specialization asymmetry, vulnerability, extinction slope, niche overlap, weighted betweenness, normalized degree, interaction push-pull, cluster coefficient, Shannon's diversity, interaction evenness, and d'---best suited for describing systemic criticality in metal or mineral use systems. These metrics were applied to 10 rare earth elements and their end uses for China, Japan, and the United States from 1995-2007 as a case study to determine if ecologically inspired metrics could provide improved criticality assessment. Metrics address three system levels: 1) network, 2) group, and 3) individual elements/products. It was determined that some metrics highlight instances where rare earth systems are becoming more specialized making them vulnerable to supply risks. Application of ecological network metrics to material systems has advantages for criticality assessments, and future work should consider additional systems and the interactions between the various metrics to better understand these systems and lessons available from a systems-perspective.
机译:减少温室气体排放的目标已经增加了对清洁能源技术的需求,并且这些技术所需的增长已引起人们对材料可用性和关键性的关注。关键材料被定义为具有与之相关的风险,例如供应缺口或价格波动。现有的确定关键性的指标狭义地集中在单一材料的物理稀缺性上,而许多关键材料是大型,复杂,相互连接的材料系统的副产品。工业生态学借鉴了生态学的方法来研究复杂的物质和能量流,可用于系统角度的分析。在这项工作中,关键的稀土材料系统被比作食物网,并使用生态网络指标和从网络分析中借来的指标进行分析。这项研究考虑了食物网指标-伙伴多样性,联系性,专业化不对称性,脆弱性,消光斜率,生态位重叠,加权中间性,归一化程度,相互作用推挽,聚类系数,香农多样性,相互作用均匀度和d'- -最适合描述金属或矿物使用系统中的系统关键性。从1995年至2007年,将这些指标应用于中国,日本和美国的10种稀土元素及其最终用途,作为案例研究,以确定受生态启发的指标是否可以提供改进的临界度评估。指标涉及三个系统级别:1)网络,2)组和3)单个元素/产品。经确定,一些指标突显了稀土系统变得越来越专业化,使它们容易遭受供应风险的情况。将生态网络指标应用于物质系统具有进行关键度评估的优势,并且未来的工作应考虑其他系统以及各种指标之间的相互作用,以更好地理解这些系统以及从系统角度获得的教训。

著录项

  • 作者

    Hubler, Berlyn Jo.;

  • 作者单位

    Rochester Institute of Technology.;

  • 授予单位 Rochester Institute of Technology.;
  • 学科 Sustainability.;Systems science.
  • 学位 M.S.
  • 年度 2016
  • 页码 221 p.
  • 总页数 221
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 公共建筑;
  • 关键词

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