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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MUGURUK SITE, WESTERN KENYA (EAST AFRICA, PALEOLITHIC, PLEISTOCENE, STONE TOOLS, LITHIC TECHNOLOGY).

机译：肯尼亚西部穆古鲁克遗址的考古学（东非，古石，更新世，石材工具，岩性工艺）。

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At the end of the middle Pleistocene period in subsaharan Africa Homo erectus populations were replaced by archaic members of our own species, Homo sapiens. This work examines stone artifact manufacturing techniques from a stratified East African locality of this period, the Muguruk site.;Over 98% of the artifacts at Muguruk are manufactured in Miocene Ombo phonolite which crops out at the site. A radial technique of flake production remained essentially unchanged throughout the site's occupation, and a significant proportion of all three Muguruk assemblages contain a Levallois component. Differences between the Sangoan-Lupemban and Middle Stone Age are found in the kinds of retouch applied in tool manufacture, although retouched pieces make up only 1.9% of the total of 14,817 artifacts recovered at Muguruk. Scrapers and retouched flakes in the Sangoan-Lupemban also feature bifacial and alternate retouch, while artifacts in these categories from the Middle Stone Age samples rarely exhibit this feature.;Whether the makers of the Muguruk industries were late members of the species Homo erectus or early members of our own species is unknown. Their behavior indicates a deep conservatism in the retention of the radial flake production technique throughout the sequence, combined with innovativeness in the acceptance of new methods of formal artifact retouch.;Deposits at Muguruk consist of 12 meters of fluvial sediments which are broken by nine stratigraphic gaps and three episodes of soil development. Three major levels of artifact accumulation occur at Muguruk, one Sangoan-Lupemban and two Middle Stone Age. Bifaces, inlcuding large heavy handaxes and finely made lanceolate points, are present in the Sangoan-Lupemban assemblage, while these are absent from the Middle Stone Age samples.

机译：在撒哈拉以南非洲的中更新世末期，直立人的种群被我们自己物种的智人取代。这项工作研究了这一时期在东非分层地区Muguruk地点的石器制造工艺。Muguruk中超过98％的器物是在中新世Ombo棉铃石中制造的，并在该地点种植。在整个场地的整个使用过程中，放射状薄片生产技术基本上保持不变，并且所有三个Muguruk组件中很大一部分都包含Levallois成分。 Sangoan-Lupemban和中石器时代之间的差异在于工具制造中使用的润饰种类，尽管润饰件仅占穆古鲁克（Muguruk）回收的14,817件文物的1.9％。 Sangoan-Lupemban的刮板和修饰的薄片还具有双面修饰和交替修饰的功能，而来自中石器时代样本中这些类别的人工制品很少表现出此特征。; Muguruk工业的制造者是直立物种的晚期成员还是早期我们自己物种的成员是未知的。它们的行为表明在整个序列中保留了放射状薄片生产技术的高度保守性，并结合了接受正式人工制品修饰新方法的创新性。Muguruk的沉积物由12米的河流沉积物组成，被9个地层破碎差距和土壤发展的三个阶段。 Muguruk发生了三个主要级别的文物积累，一个是Sangoan-Lupemban，两个是中石器时代。在Sangoan-Lupemban组合中存在双面部，包括大笨重的斧头和精细的披针形尖端，而石器时代中期的样本中却没有。

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作者
MCBREARTY, SALLY ANN.;
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University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.;

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授予单位 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.;
学科 Anthropology Archaeology.
学位 Ph.D.
年度 1986
页码 437 p.
总页数 437
原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
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4. Sediment and nutrient transport and groundwater sources in the Nzoia River watershed, western Kenya, East Africa [C] . G.M. Simiyu, D.D. Adams International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology . 2009

机译：纽约亚河流域，肯尼亚，东非镇水域泥沙和养分运输和地下水来源
5. Bedtime for the Middle Stone Age: Land Use, Strategic Foraging, and Lithic Technology at the End of the Pleistocene in the Namib Desert, Namibia [D] . Marks, Theodore Pearson. 2018

机译：中石器时代的就寝时间：纳米比亚纳米布沙漠更新世末期的土地利用，战略觅食和锂技术
6. Vectorial application for the illustration of archaeological lithic artefacts using the Stone Tools Illustrations with Vector Art (STIVA) Method [O] . Jacopo Niccolò Cerasoni, Peter F. Biehl, Peter F. Biehl, 2021

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7. : "This paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying.The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona.This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods.In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out." [O] . Gibaja Bao, Juan Francisco, Mazzucco, Niccolo 2015

机译：：“本文研究了伊比利亚半岛东北部几个新石器时代遗址的片状石材组合的功能。时间框架从公元前6世纪中叶到4世纪中叶，分别对应于早期和早期。新石器时代中期，这段时间的长短是从伊比利亚半岛的第一个农业社区到来，大约在公元前5600-5500 cal，到了两千年后的3600-3500 BCE，当时新石器时代的社区稳定地占据了大部分可用土地。从比利牛斯山脉山区到地中海沿岸地区。在这种情况下，伊比利亚半岛东北部是进行过大量使用磨损分析的地区之一，尤其是在关注方面新石器时代，这主要是由于发掘负责人和西班牙使用服装专家表现出的浓厚兴趣；他们参与和合作以扩大孔蒂的数量xts进行了研究，使伊比利亚半岛的NE成为“功能研究”数量最多的欧洲地区之一。结果，今天我们可以可靠地了解第一批耕作小组使用的石器工具的类型，使用方法以及它们满足的需求。今天，大多数使用方法广泛共享用于这种类型的分析的方法穿专家。立体显微镜与反射光显微镜一起用于分析考古样本。然后，将观察到的使用磨损痕迹与实验工具的痕迹进行比较。这项研究主要利用了巴塞罗那CSIC的米拉·丰塔纳尔研究所的“ Traceoteque”中保存的工具。本文介绍了针对不同类型的分析地点和相对石器组合所获得的结果。通过这种方式，可以比较来自不同环境的工具：露天场所，洞穴和岩石避难所，露天场所，埋葬场所和采矿场所。如此多样的上下文允许探索重复性的存在以及从一个站点到另一个站点的石器工具的功能差异。所获得的结果还提供了与在不同地点，洞穴，避难所和露天环境中进行的经济过程有关的某些方面的信息。可以获得有关所执行任务的类型及其对每个站点的相对重要性，它们与地理和环境环境以及那里可用自然资源的关系的新数据。此外，对从墓葬中回收的工具（主要是个人遗体）进行分析，可提供有关被掩埋的个体与工作工具之间关系的信息，尤其是探索性别与年龄模式之间的关系以及作为商品存放的工具的类型。磨损分析允许探索各种问题；从与石器资源的生产和管理有关的技术方面到与自给活动及其实施者有关的社会方面。”

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MUGURUK SITE, WESTERN KENYA (EAST AFRICA, PALEOLITHIC, PLEISTOCENE, STONE TOOLS, LITHIC TECHNOLOGY).

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