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Hard rock miners' phthisis in 19th and early 20th century Britain: From diagnosis to compensation.

机译：19世纪和20世纪初英国的坚硬岩石矿工的phthisis：从诊断到赔偿。

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The present study examines the elaboration of silicosis, the disease, and the development of social policy directed at its prevention and compensation in Britain from the 1830s until 1918. I concentrate mainly on the nineteenth century and the twentieth century until 1907. In 1907, the law recognized that an occupational disease was a notional injury and a few became compensable. Both the etiological elaboration and prevention of silicosis, and, ultimately compensating its sufferers occurred over a very long period. My major subject is the causes of this time lag.While some investigators have alluded to the early public health emphasis on worker well-being, I also address how occupational health became a secondary consideration for most of the nineteenth century, despite its promise of achieving as much as "Chadwickian" sanitation, at much less cost.The government created commissions and committees to learn more about occupational health conditions. However, it appears that it offered these, without much intent to follow through, but rather, as a temporarily sop to placate those with a special interest in the subject. This work studies in more depth than others of which I am aware, the 1862-64 Commission of the Condition Of All Mines In Great Britain To Which The Provisions Of The Act 23 & 24 Victoria Do Not Apply (coal mines). During those proceedings, I found that the etiology and partial prevention of silicosis were clearly established. This information was relegated to the blue books for reasons that I also investigate. When interest in silicosis revived, there was little or no reference to this work.Students of the subject have noted that in the 1880s British medicine was anecdotal and derived from experience in private practice. I have attempted to show how this influenced the elaboration of a specific disease, silicosis. In addition, medical teaching, membership in societies and with an interest in some aspect of medicine, (very likely, what submissions were accepted to medical journals as well) were controlled by a metropolitan medical elite with little or no scientific, social or pecuniary interest in the diseases of miners. This view was transmitted to general practitioners as well. Another aspect of the present work, different from most, has involved a careful reading of all the issues of The Lancet and The British Medical Journals from 1864 through 1906. I found relatively few articles relating to silicosis, confirming that the readers' level of interest was not very great. In addition to demonstrating a paucity of articles about miners' lung disease, these journals also reported on the controversial role of tuberculosis in the elaboration of silicosis. Failure to scientifically address this debate significantly delayed compensating for and preventing silicosis. Additionally, I show that the journals revealed a terminological obfuscation that made the understanding of what silicosis was, very difficult. The science of statistics was in advance of other medical tools and did provoke some interest in silicosis but the journals and reports of the commissions also show how statistics were manipulated to minimize the incidence of silicosis.Moreover, organizations presumably having a keen interest in the etiology and prevention of silicosis (and its compensation) were often, themselves, a source for the lag. These included unions, mine and quarry owners, both the Liberal and Conservative Parties, the public health establishment and, to a lesser extent, the mining and quarry inspectorate. This work shows that these organizations had distinctly different attitudes about compensation legislation than they held the in the twentieth century. In the process of arriving at the correct etiology of silicosis, and, as a result, whether it should be indemnified, all interested parties picked through what was on offer to patch together some commonality of position that had little to do with any adherence to an overall structure, coherency or rational knowledge. Inevitably, their motives were an admixture of highly parochial and shortsighted deliberations and considerations that were more altruistic. Any attempt on the part of various parties to act in unison was a material and a practical matter and had little to do with systematic logic. The authority of the interested organizations related to the power that sustained them and to what was required to disrupt them and bring about fragmentation. In this process, as Bruno Latour has pointed out, the content of what was achieved, always involved fusion with the context. This work concludes that when problems resist timely solutions, the reasons are always multiple and that they shift over time without result until a reconciliation of various social and cultural differences becomes possible. In fact, reconciliation did occur despite the fact that the motivations of the negotiating parties were contradictory. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

机译：本研究考察了矽肺病的详细阐述，疾病及其在1830年代至1918年在英国针对其预防和补偿的社会政策的发展。我主要关注19世纪和20世纪直至1907年。在1907年，法律承认，职业病是一种名义上的伤害，其中一些可予赔偿。矽肺病的病因阐述和预防，以及最终补偿矽肺病的发生，都发生在很长的时期内。我的主要主题是造成这一时间延迟的原因。虽然一些调查人员提到早期公共卫生强调工人的福祉，但我也谈到了职业健康如何在19世纪的大部分时间成为次要考虑因素，尽管它有望实现与“查德威克”卫生设施一样多，成本却更低。政府成立了委员会，以了解有关职业健康状况的更多信息。但是，它似乎提供了这些内容，但并没有太大的用意，而只是暂时性地抚慰了对此主题特别感兴趣的人。这项工作比我所知道的其他工作更深入地研究，1862-64年英国所有地雷条件委员会不适用第23号法和第24号维多利亚州的规定（煤矿）。在这些程序中，我发现矽肺病的病因和部分预防已明确确立。由于我也进行调查，该信息被归类为蓝皮书。当人们对矽肺病的兴趣恢复时，很少或根本没有提及这项工作。该主题的学生注意到，在1880年代，英国医学是传闻性的，并且源于私人执业的经验。我试图证明这如何影响特定疾病矽肺的形成。此外，医学教学，社会成员资格以及对医学某些方面的兴趣（很可能是医学期刊也接受了什么投稿）是由都市医学精英控制的，他们对科学，社会或金钱的兴趣很少或没有兴趣在矿工的疾病中。该观点也被传达给全科医生。与大多数作品不同的是，本研究的另一个方面是仔细阅读了《柳叶刀》和《英国医学杂志》从1864年到1906年的所有问题。我发现与矽肺病有关的文章相对较少，证实了读者的兴趣水平不是很好。这些期刊除了缺乏有关矿工肺病的文章外，还报道了结核病在矽肺病形成中的争议作用。无法科学地解决这一争论，严重延迟了补偿和预防矽肺病。此外，我发现期刊揭示了术语混淆，这使得很难理解矽肺病是什么。统计科学先于其他医疗工具，确实引起了人们对矽肺病的兴趣，但委员会的期刊和报告也显示了如何通过操纵统计数据来使矽肺病的发生率降至最低。此外，据推测，组织对病因学有浓厚兴趣预防矽肺病（及其补偿措施）本身通常是造成这种滞后的原因。其中包括工会，矿山和采石场的所有者，自由党和保守党，公共卫生机构以及较小的矿山和采石场检查站。这项工作表明，这些组织对赔偿立法的态度与他们在20世纪所持的态度截然不同。在得出正确的矽肺病病因的过程中，因此，是否应该对矽肺病进行赔偿，所有有关方面都从提供的内容中挑选出了一些共同立场，这些立场与坚持某个整体结构，连贯性或理性知识。他们的动机不可避免地是高度狭och和短视的讨论以及更加利他的考虑因素的混合。各方的任何一致行动的尝试都是物质和实际问题，与系统逻辑没有任何关系。感兴趣的组织的权威与维持它们的权力以及破坏它们并带来支离破碎所需要的东西有关。正如布鲁诺·拉图尔（Bruno Latour）指出的那样，在此过程中，所获得的内容始终涉及与上下文的融合。这项工作的结论是，当问题无法及时解决时，原因总是多种多样的，并且随着时间的推移而没有结果，直到各种社会和文化差异的和解成为可能。实际上，尽管谈判方的动机是相互矛盾的，但还是实现了和解。（摘要由UMI缩短。）

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作者
Mintz, Fredric.;
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University of California, Berkeley.;

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授予单位 University of California, Berkeley.;
学科 History European.Health Sciences Occupational Health and Safety.History Modern.
学位 Ph.D.
年度 2010
页码 159 p.
总页数 159
原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
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Hard rock miners' phthisis in 19th and early 20th century Britain: From diagnosis to compensation.

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