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首页> 外文学位 >SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE COMES TO PHILADELPHIA: PUBLIC HEALTH TRANSFORMED, 1854-1899 (BACTERIOLOGY, PENNSYLVANIA).
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SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE COMES TO PHILADELPHIA: PUBLIC HEALTH TRANSFORMED, 1854-1899 (BACTERIOLOGY, PENNSYLVANIA).

机译：科学医学发展成为费城：公众健康的转变，1854-1899年（宾夕法尼亚州细菌学）。

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摘要

Contemporaries explained public health practice in late nineteenth-century Philadelphia in terms of the prevailing view of disease causation: the filth theory of disease in the 1850s and '60s, and the germ theory in later decades. However, critical examination of records of the Board of Health and of other nineteenth-century sources reveals that the central motivation for public health activity was the maintenance of social order.; Public health activity was divided between port quarantine and sanitary campaigns. The latter generally served as a means to discipline the underclass and other disruptors of order. The class content of port control was most manifest in 1892, when health authorities used the threat of cholera to justify extreme measures against immigrants. Smallpox prevention was somewhat distinct from both of these arenas, because smallpox was preventible by vaccination, and because--in the 1850s and '60s--it was almost uniquely understood as contagious and therefore controllable by isolating its victims.; During the 1870s and '80s, city officials determined to make use of science in safeguarding the city's salubrity. The Board of Health's interest in milk analysis led to the establishment of a chemistry laboratory; but by 1892, it appeared that bacteriology would provide tools of greater power. In 1895 the Board established a second laboratory, whose main tasks were bacteriological diagnosis and treatment of diphtheria.; By the late 1880s, diphtheria--now recognized as contagious and bacterial--had become a central concern of public health. The three-part smallpox strategy (isolation, disinfection and medical intervention) was applied against it, but with greater force than ever before. Throughout the 1890s poor families were forced to choose between police-enforced household quarantines, or removal of their sick children to an isolation hospital.; For the most part, members and employees of the Board of Health in the nineteenth century were sincere, hardworking people. Although their efforts were efficacious in a few areas, the overall effect of public health work on disease incidence and death was barely noticeable. However, by serving as gatekeepers at the port, by keeping watch on the sanitary condition of the city, and by using coercion to isolate victims of contagious disease, health authorities helped enforce behavioral standards appropriate to a growing industrial city.
机译：当代人用普遍的疾病因果观来解释19世纪后期的费城公共卫生实践：1850年代和60年代的疾病污秽理论，以及后几十年的细菌理论。然而，对卫生委员会和其他19世纪来源的记录进行的严格审查显示，公共卫生活动的主要动机是维持社会秩序。公共卫生活动分为港口检疫和卫生运动。后者通常用作纪律阶级和其他破坏秩序的手段。港口管制的分类内容最明显的是在1892年，当时卫生当局利用霍乱的威胁为针对移民的极端措施辩护。预防天花与这两个领域有所不同，因为天花可以通过疫苗预防，并且在1850年代和60年代几乎被独特地理解为具有传染性，因此可以通过隔离受害者来控制。在1870年代和80年代，城市官员决心利用科学来维护城市的繁荣。卫生委员会对牛奶分析的兴趣导致建立了化学实验室。但到了1892年，细菌学似乎将提供更强大的工具。 1895年，麻管局建立了第二个实验室，其主要任务是白喉的细菌学诊断和治疗。到1880年代后期，白喉-现在被认为具有传染性和细菌性-已成为公共卫生的中心问题。针对它采用了三部分的天花策略（隔离，消毒和医疗干预），但其作用力比以往任何时候都要大。在整个1890年代，贫困家庭被迫在由警察执行的家庭隔离或将患病的孩子送往隔离医院之间进行选择。在大多数情况下，十九世纪卫生委员会的成员和雇员都是真诚而努力的人。尽管他们的努力在一些领域是有效的，但公共卫生工作对疾病发病率和死亡的总体影响几乎没有引起注意。但是，通过担任港口的看门人，监视城市的卫生状况以及通过胁迫隔离传染性疾病的受害者，卫生当局帮助实施了适合成长中的工业城市的行为标准。

著录项

  • 作者

    MORMAN, EDWARD T.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Pennsylvania.;

  • 授予单位 University of Pennsylvania.;
  • 学科 History of Science.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 1986
  • 页码 322 p.
  • 总页数 322
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 自然科学史;
  • 关键词

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