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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF PESTICIDES AND OTHER CHEMICALS TO THE EARTHWORM, EISENIA FOETIDA.

机译：农药对埃森氏真菌的潜在危害性评估。

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摘要

Earthworms are a cornerstone of terrestrial ecosystems. Laboratory studies were conducted on the acute toxicity and effects of chemicals to investigate toxic insult to this soil invertebrate. Eisenia foetida were exposed to an array of compounds using a 48-hour contact toxicity test to assess and identify classes of chemicals that are potentially hazardous to earthworms. The acute contact toxicity data generated allowed chemicals to be categorized by a hazard rating system that identifies a compound as either super-toxic (< 1 (mu)g/cm('2)), extremely toxic (1-10 (mu)g/cm('2)), very toxic (10-100 (mu)g/cm('2)), moderately toxic (100-1000 (mu)g/cm('2) or relatively non-toxic (> 1000 (mu)g/cm('2)). Of the 120 compounds screened in this bioassay, phenols and N-methylcarbamates were the most toxic chemicals tested. From the acute toxicity data on parathion and carbaryl, their metabolites, degradation products and non-insecticidal analogs, it is apparent that for some pesticides phenolic degradation products are inherently as toxic or more toxic than the parent compound to earthworms. Furthermore, in studies on the uptake of chemicals by contact exposure, earthworms absorbed the major phenolic degradation products of carbaryl, carbofuran and parathion as readily as the more non-polar parent compounds.;In the course of investigating acute toxicity of chemicals, a small group of chemically diverse compounds were observed to induce a site-specific lesion in E. foetida. Carbaryl and nornicotine were the most potent inducers of this mid-segmental swelling phenomenon. Structure-activity studies and the ability to block the lesion with concurrent exposure to alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitors suggest highly reactive derivatives (e.g., nitroso formation) formed in vivo are responsible for the observed pathology.;A number of chemicals that are moderately or relatively non-toxic to mammals such as malathion, benomyl and cypermethrin were extremely toxic to earthworms. On the other hand, solvents that are very hazardous to mammals (e.g., carbon tetrachloride and methanol) were relatively non-toxic to earthworms in the 48-hour contact toxicity test. Results obtained in this study demonstrate the unpredictability of chemical toxicity to different animal species which complicates estimating environmental risk to one species based on data obtained with another animal model.
机译：are是陆地生态系统的基石。进行了有关化学品的急性毒性和化学作用的实验室研究，以调查对该土壤无脊椎动物的毒性损害。使用48小时接触毒性测试，将大叶艾塞森（Eisenia foetida）暴露于一系列化合物中，以评估和识别对earth有潜在危害的化学类别。生成的急性接触毒性数据使化学品可以通过危险等级系统进行分类，该系统将化合物识别为超毒性（<1μg/ cm（'2）），剧毒（1-10μg）。 / cm（'2）），剧毒（10-100μg/ cm（'2）），中毒（100-1000μg/ cm（'2）或相对无毒（> 1000 （μg/ cm（'2））。在该生物测定法中筛选出的120种化合物中，酚和N-甲基氨基甲酸酯是测试毒性最高的化学物质，从对硫磷和西维因的急性毒性数据，它们的代谢产物，降解产物和非-杀虫类似物，很明显，对于某些农药，酚类降解产物对ly的固有毒性或毒性大于母体化合物；此外，在接触接触吸收化学物质的研究中，absorbed吸收了西维因的主要酚降解产物，呋喃丹和对硫磷与非极性母体化合物一样容易。;在研究化学药品的急性毒性过程中s，观察到一小群化学上不同的化合物在大肠埃希氏菌中诱导位点特异性病变。甲萘威和去甲烟碱是这种中段肿胀现象的最有力诱因。结构活性研究和在同时暴露于乙醇脱氢酶抑制剂的情况下阻断病变的能力表明，体内形成的高反应性衍生物（例如亚硝基形成）是导致观察到的病理的原因。对马拉硫磷，苯菌灵和氯氰菊酯等哺乳动物的毒对earth具有极强的毒性。另一方面，在48小时的接触毒性测试中，对哺乳动物非常有害的溶剂（例如四氯化碳和甲醇）对earth无毒。这项研究中获得的结果表明，对不同动物物种的化学毒性具有不可预测性，这使得根据另一种动物模型获得的数据估算一种物种的环境风险变得复杂。

著录项

  • 作者

    ROBERTS, BRIAN LINDSEY.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Kentucky.;

  • 授予单位 University of Kentucky.;
  • 学科 Environmental Sciences.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 1984
  • 页码 193 p.
  • 总页数 193
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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