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Issues in the development of all-sputtered zinc oxide/cadmium sulfide/cadmium telluride flexible solar cells.

机译：全溅射氧化锌/硫化镉/碲化镉柔性太阳能电池开发中的问题。

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摘要

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells are traditionally made on glass in a superstrate configuration, taking advantage of the transparency and mechanical rigidity of glass, as well as the ability to form the back contact last. However, there are advantages to fabricating solar cells on flexible substrates such as plastic sheets. Advantages include high specific powers (power generated per mass of the device) for low weight applications, the possibility for continuous roll-to-roll manufacturing suitable for industry, and the opportunity to place solar devices on objects and structures that are not necessarily flat.;We have fabricated various flexible CdTe devices through sputter deposition, using aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) as a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) top contact. Early devices, made by naively applying fabrication techniques used with glass cells, had poor performance. This inspired several investigations.;Traditional simple heuristic analysis of solar cell current-voltage curves assumes the cell is reasonably performing and that series and shunt resistance losses are small. This was not true for our early cells, inspiring us to derive a simple model for very poor cells.;Early cells showed significant losses due to both series and shunt resistance. Series resistance losses in flexible cells inspired us to investigate more deeply series resistance losses in general, resulting in a fairly simple model that relates fill factor losses, in dot cells made in a typical geometry, to TCO sheet resistance. This model was confirmed by experiment.;Series resistance losses also led to futher investigation of AZO properties. We have found that AZO sheet resistance increases during cell fabrication, but a model that is supported by experiment indicates that the resistivity change is limited to a finite thickness of material. This allows fabrication of AZO which remains of good sheet resistance throughout the fabrication process.;Shunt resistance losses inspired a study of highly resistive and transparent (HRT) zinc oxide made by reactive sputtering with oxygen, which can be used as a buffer for shunts. Data on resisitivity as a function of oxygen in the sputter gas is given when using doped and undoped zinc oxygen sputter targets. Calculations on theoretical effects of such buffer layers are also presented.;A high temperature cadmium chloride (CdCl2) treatment is needed to create high efficiency CdTe cells. This can be a difficult step for flexible cells, as it can lead to CdTe film delamination. We have optimized a treatment for flexible cells and found that conditions, different from those which are optimal for cells on glass, allows high performance with no delamination.;Understanding of these issues allowed progress in the performance of our cells fabricated on flexible substrates. Ultimately, we have fabricated a flexible CdTe cell with efficiency of 10.5%. This efficiency is, to our knowledge, the best of any flexible CdTe cell which uses zinc oxide as a transparent conducting oxide. The performance of these cells also compares favorably to the best overall flexible CdTe cells.
机译：碲化镉（CdTe）太阳能电池传统上是在玻璃上以覆层构造制造的，它利用了玻璃的透明性和机械刚度以及最后形成背接触的能力。然而，在诸如塑料片的柔性基板上制造太阳能电池具有优势。优势包括用于轻量化应用的高比功率（每单位质量产生的功率），适合于工业的连续卷对卷制造的可能性以及将太阳能设备放置在不一定平坦的物体和结构上的机会。 ；我们使用铝掺杂的氧化锌（AZO）作为透明导电氧化物（TCO）顶部触点，通过溅射沉积制造了各种柔性CdTe器件。天真的应用玻璃电池所用的制造技术制成的早期设备性能较差。这启发了几项研究。对太阳能电池电流-电压曲线进行传统的简单启发式分析，假设该电池运行合理，并且串联电阻和分流电阻损耗很小。对于我们的早期细胞而言，情况并非如此，这激发了我们为非常差的细胞推导一个简单的模型。柔性单元中的串联电阻损耗启发了我们进一步深入地研究串联电阻损耗，从而得出了一个相当简单的模型，该模型将典型几何形状的点式单元中的填充因子损耗与TCO薄层电阻相关联。实验证实了该模型。串联电阻损耗也导致了对AZO性能的进一步研究。我们已经发现，在电池制造过程中，AZO薄层电阻会增加，但是实验支持的模型表明，电阻率变化仅限于材料的有限厚度。这样就可以制造出在整个制造过程中仍保持良好的薄层电阻的AZO。分流电阻损耗启发了对通过用氧气进行反应溅射制成的高电阻透明（HRT）氧化锌的研究，该氧化锌可用作分流器的缓冲器。当使用掺杂和未掺杂的锌氧溅射靶时，给出了电阻率随溅射气体中氧的函数的数据。还介绍了这种缓冲层的理论效应的计算。需要高温氯化镉（CdCl2）处理才能创建高效CdTe电池。对于柔性电池，这可能是困难的步骤，因为它可能导致CdTe膜分层。我们对柔性电池进行了优化处理，发现与玻璃上的最佳电池条件不同的条件可以实现高性能，而不会分层。了解这些问题可以使我们在柔性基板上制造的电池性能得到进步。最终，我们制造出了效率为10.5％的柔性CdTe电池。就我们所知，这种效率是使用氧化锌作为透明导电氧化物的任何柔性CdTe电池中最好的。这些电池的性能也优于最佳的整体柔性CdTe电池。

著录项

  • 作者

    Vasko, Anthony Clark.;

  • 作者单位

    The University of Toledo.;

  • 授予单位 The University of Toledo.;
  • 学科 Alternative Energy.;Physics Condensed Matter.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2009
  • 页码 216 p.
  • 总页数 216
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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