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Modeling Atmospheric Emissions and Calculating Mortality Rates Associated with High Volume Hydraulic Fracturing Transportation.

机译：与大体积水力压裂运输相关的大气排放建模和死亡率计算。

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摘要

Emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels are a growing pollution concern throughout the global community, as they have been linked to numerous health issues. The freight transportation sector is a large source of these emissions and is expected to continue growing as globalization persists. Within the US, the expanding development of the natural gas industry is helping to support many industries and leading to increased transportation. The process of High Volume Hydraulic Fracturing (HVHF) is one of the newer advanced extraction techniques that is increasing natural gas and oil reserves dramatically within the US, however the technique is very resource intensive. HVHF requires large volumes of water and sand per well, which is primarily transported by trucks in rural areas. Trucks are also used to transport waste away from HVHF well sites. This study focused on the emissions generated from the transportation of HVHF materials to remote well sites, dispersion, and subsequent health impacts. The Geospatial Intermodal Freight Transport (GIFT) model was used in this analysis within ArcGIS to identify roadways with high volume traffic and emissions. High traffic road segments were used as emissions sources to determine the atmospheric dispersion of particulate matter using AERMOD, an EPA model that calculates geographic dispersion and concentrations of pollutants. Output from AERMOD was overlaid with census data to determine which communities may be impacted by increased emissions from HVHF transport. The anticipated number of mortalities within the impacted communities was calculated, and mortality rates from these additional emissions were computed to be 1 in 10 million people for a simulated truck fleet meeting stricter 2007 emission standards, representing a best case scenario. Mortality rates due to increased truck emissions from average, in-use vehicles, which represent a mixed age truck fleet, are expected to be higher (1 death per 341,000 people annually).
机译：化石燃料燃烧所产生的排放已成为整个国际社会日益关注的污染问题，因为它们已与许多健康问题联系在一起。货运部门是这些排放的主要来源，随着全球化的持续发展，货运部门有望继续增长。在美国，天然气工业的不断发展正在帮助支持许多工业并导致运输量的增加。大体积水力压裂（HVHF）工艺是一种较新的先进开采技术，该技术在美国范围内显着增加了天然气和石油储量，但是该技术非常消耗资源。 HVHF每口井需要大量的水和沙子，这主要是通过卡车在农村地区运输的。卡车还用于将废物从HVHF井场运走。这项研究的重点是将HVHF材料运输到偏远井场，扩散以及对健康的影响而产生的排放。在ArcGIS中，此分析中使用了地理空间联运货运（GIFT）模型来识别交通量大和排放量大的道路。高流量道路段用作排放源，使用AERMOD（一种可计算地理分布和污染物浓度的EPA模型）确定大气中颗粒物的分布。 AERMOD的输出被普查数据覆盖，以确定哪些社区可能受到HVHF运输增加的排放量的影响。计算了受影响社区中预期的死亡人数，对于满足最严格的2007年排放标准的模拟卡车车队，这些额外排放的死亡率计算为1000万人口中的1人，这是最佳案例。由于使用中的平均车辆（代表混合年龄的卡车车队）的卡车排放量增加而导致的死亡率预计会更高（每年每341,000人中有1人死亡）。

著录项

  • 作者

    Mathews, Alyssa.;

  • 作者单位

    Rochester Institute of Technology.;

  • 授予单位 Rochester Institute of Technology.;
  • 学科 Atmospheric Sciences.;Transportation.;Environmental Sciences.
  • 学位 M.S.
  • 年度 2015
  • 页码 75 p.
  • 总页数 75
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 公共建筑;
  • 关键词

  • 入库时间 2022-08-17 11:51:55

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