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Spread of non-native parasites across streams in the Hawaiian archipelago.

机译：非本地寄生虫在夏威夷群岛的溪流中传播。

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摘要

In this dissertation I evaluated the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that promote the spread of non-native parasites infecting novel hosts under contemporary and future climate conditions. Thorough assessment of the impact of introduced parasites and an understanding of the potential effects of climate change on parasite distributions and densities will promote effective conservation of native aquatic biodiversity. The spread of an introduced nematode parasite, Camallanus cotti, infecting the native Hawaiian stream fish, Awaous stamineus, across the Hawaiian Islands provided an opportunity to examine how biotic (densities of introduced & native hosts, individual host traits, genetic diversity) and environmental (land-use, water chemistry) factors promote novel host-parasite interactions. In addition to completing archipelago-wide surveys of parasite distributions and densities in native fish hosts, I characterized geographic patterns of genetic variation in C. cotti to assess gene flow, identify likely conduits of introduction and spread of the parasite across the archipelago. Finally, I utilized a natural precipitation gradient across the Hamakua coast on the island of Hawai`i, as a natural analog to conditions predicted by climate change, to assess the relationship between precipitation and infection of A. stamineus by C. cotti. I found the distribution C. cotti has become decoupled from that of the non-native hosts and that the parasite infects native fishes in remote, relatively pristine watersheds. The abundance, intensity, and prevalence of C. cotti infecting A. stamineus are influenced by a suite of factors, but notably parasitism increases with decreasing precipitation. This finding suggest that infection of native Hawaiian fishes by introduced parasites will increase if climate conditions change as expected. Genetic analysis indicates that C. cotti has spread across the archipelago following an initial introduction on O'ahu with subsequent dispersal to Maui and then underwent stepwise dispersal to other islands in the archipelago. Significant genetic structure also was detected across islands, suggesting that dispersal potential is constrained, which in turn suggests that remediation efforts focusing on invasion hotspots or areas of concern could be effective at reducing parasites loads in native fishes.
机译：在这篇论文中，我评估了在当代和未来的气候条件下，能促进非本地寄生虫传播并感染新型宿主的生态和进化机制。对引入的寄生虫的影响进行彻底的评估，并了解气候变化对寄生虫的分布和密度的潜在影响，将促进对本地水生生物多样性的有效保护。传入的线虫寄生虫Camallanus cotti在夏威夷群岛上的蔓延感染了夏威夷本地的河水鱼类Awaous stamineus，从而提供了一个机会来研究生物（传入和原生宿主的密度，个体宿主特性，遗传多样性）和环境（土地利用，水化学）因素促进了新型的宿主－寄生虫相互作用。除了完成整个群岛对本地鱼类寄主中寄生虫分布和密度的调查外，我还对科比目鱼遗传变异的地理模式进行了表征，以评估基因流，确定该寄生虫在整个群岛中的传播和传播途径。最后，我利用夏威夷岛哈马库阿海岸的自然降水梯度作为气候变化预测条件的自然模拟，来评估降水量与柯氏曲霉感染沙门氏菌之间的关系。我发现棉铃虫的分布已经与非本地宿主分离，寄生虫感染了偏远，相对原始的流域中的本地鱼类。感染隐孢子虫的棉球菌的丰度，强度和患病率受到一系列因素的影响，但是随着降水的减少，寄生虫的数量会明显增加。这一发现表明，如果气候条件如预期的那样发生变化，引入的寄生虫对夏威夷本地鱼类的感染将会增加。遗传分析表明，在最初引入瓦胡岛之后，C。cotti已经遍及整个群岛，随后扩散到毛伊岛，然后逐步扩散到该群岛的其他岛屿。在整个岛屿上也发现了重要的遗传结构，这表明其传播潜力受到了限制，这反过来又表明，针对入侵热点或关注区域的补救措施可能会有效地减少本地鱼类的寄生虫负荷。

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  • 作者

    Gagne, Roderick.;

  • 作者单位

    Tulane University School of Science and Engineering.;

  • 授予单位 Tulane University School of Science and Engineering.;
  • 学科 Ecology.;Parasitology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2015
  • 页码 141 p.
  • 总页数 141
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 物理化学（理论化学）、化学物理学;
  • 关键词

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