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首页> 外文学位 >A return to realism: The failure of the Bush Doctrine as a paradigm for United States post -- Cold War foreign policy.
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A return to realism: The failure of the Bush Doctrine as a paradigm for United States post -- Cold War foreign policy.

机译：回归现实主义：布什主义作为美国冷战后外交政策范式的失败。

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摘要

During the Cold War the realist theory of international relations as formulated by Hans Morgenthau provided the theoretical underpinnings of U.S. foreign policy. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s the U.S. searched for a new paradigm to guide its foreign policy. Many people argued that the nature of the post---Cold War international system with its many transnational issues that did not fall within the Cold War definition of national interests which meant that a realist foreign policy was no longer appropriate. The Clinton foreign policy had lacked a theoretical cohesiveness and as such was much more reactionary in responding to international issues and crises. In response senior members of the neoconservative foreign policy establishment formed the Project for a New American Century (PNAC) to present what they believed U.S. foreign policy should encompass. The election of George W. Bush and the attacks of September 11, 2001 provided the opportunity for former members of PNAC and now senior administration officials to implement their ideas in the form of the Bush Doctrine.;This thesis will demonstrate that the U.S. has been unable to address a broad range of global issues because of its inability to move beyond the narrowly defined concept of national interests that has framed its historical foreign policy decisions. The Bush Doctrine maintains a narrow definition of national interests that has a greater degree of global engagement, but does so largely within the scope of national security affairs and the so-called "war on terror". This represents a narrow definition of national interests and lacks an understanding of the interconnected nature of international issues. The failure of the Bush Doctrine over the past eight years and the reasons for this failure illustrates why the U.S. needs to return to a realist paradigm but with a broader definition of national interests to guide its foreign policy.;The war in Iraq is the primary application of the Bush Doctrine, in many ways the Doctrine was developed to provide justification for the war and to supply the framework for the future application of U.S. power. Success in Iraq was short-lived, within months of the invasion the limitations of U.S. strategy became evident. Too few soldiers and the lack of a comprehensive post invasion reconstruction plan led to the collapse of Iraq into a sectarian civil war with the U.S. trapped in the middle. The adherence of senior neoconservative members of the Administration to the failed strategy for three years resulted in the loss of thousands of lives, billions of dollars and the displacement of millions of refugees. The eventual recognition of this failure resulted in the removal of many of the neoconservatives with realists and the de facto end of the Bush Doctrine. The failure of the Bush Doctrine represents how U.S. foreign policy needs to recognize the interconnected nature of international issues. As a result it is necessary to have a broad definition of national interests. This can best be accomplished within the realist foreign policy paradigm that has traditionally guided U.S. foreign policy, to which the American people have grown accustomed and has become part of the political culture as illustrated by the broad acceptance of the Weinberger-Powell Doctrine.;The Bush Doctrine can he defined as an approach to U.S. foreign policy that is a form of militant idealism or neo -- idealism based on the concept of unrivalled military power and U.S. exceptionalism, supported by two principles; pre-emption and democratization. Pre-emption holds that the U.S. may institute regime change in any state that it deems a threat even if that threat is not imminent. Second, that the U.S. has the responsibility to foster the spread of democracy and free market economic systems.
机译：冷战期间，汉斯·摩根索（Hans Morgenthau）提出的现实主义国际关系理论为美国外交政策提供了理论基础。在1990年代初期苏联解体之后，美国寻求了新的范式来指导其外交政策。许多人认为，冷战后国际体系的性质及其许多跨国问题不属于冷战对国家利益的定义，这意味着现实主义的外交政策不再适用。克林顿的外交政策缺乏理论上的凝聚力，因此在应对国际问题和危机时反动得多。作为回应，新保守主义外交政策机构的高级成员成立了“新美国世纪计划”（PNAC），以介绍他们认为美国外交政策应包括的内容。乔治·W·布什的大选和2001年9月11日的袭击为PNAC的前任成员以及现在的高级政府官员提供了以布什学说的形式实施其思想的机会。由于无法超越界定其历史外交政策决定的狭义国家利益概念，因此无法解决广泛的全球问题。布什主义对国家利益的狭义定义具有更大程度的全球参与度，但在很大程度上涉及国家安全事务和所谓的“反恐战争”。这只是对国家利益的狭义定义，对国际问题的相互联系的性质缺乏了解。布什主义在过去八年中的失败以及失败的原因说明了为什么美国需要重返现实主义范式，但要以更广泛的国家利益定义来指导其外交政策。伊拉克战争是主要的布什主义的应用，它在许多方面得到发展，目的是为战争提供理由，并为未来美国力量的应用提供框架。在伊拉克的成功是短暂的，在入侵后的几个月内，美国战略的局限性显而易见。士兵太少，以及缺乏全面的战后重建计划，导致伊拉克沦为宗派内战，美国陷于中间。政府的新保守主义高级成员坚持失败的战略已有三年，造成数千人丧生，数十亿美元的损失和数百万难民的流离失所。对这一失败的最终认识导致许多新保守主义者与现实主义者被淘汰，而布什主义事实上结束了。布什主义的失败代表了美国外交政策需要如何认识国际问题的相互联系。因此，有必要对国家利益进行广泛定义。最好的做法是在传统上指导美国外交政策的现实主义外交政策范式中实现，美国人民已经习以为常，并已成为政治文化的一部分，这一点已得到温伯格-鲍威尔主义的广泛接受。布什主义可以被定义为美国外交政策的一种方法，它是一种激进的理想主义或新理想主义的形式，它基于无与伦比的军事力量和美国例外主义的概念，并得到两个原则的支持。先发制人和民主化。先发制人认为，即使威胁不是迫在眉睫，美国也可以在任何认为威胁的州进行政权更迭。第二，美国有责任促进民主和自由市场经济体系的传播。

著录项

  • 作者

    Ducie, Michael C.;

  • 作者单位

    The University of Regina (Canada).;

  • 授予单位 The University of Regina (Canada).;
  • 学科 Political Science General.;Political Science Public Administration.;Political Science International Law and Relations.
  • 学位 M.A.
  • 年度 2009
  • 页码 137 p.
  • 总页数 137
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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