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Application of Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

机译：功能近红外光谱在神经发育障碍中的应用。

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摘要

To understand the development of brain function there is a crucial need to quantitatively assess brain activation from early childhood. This would be particularly important in early intervention of neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Early intervention and therapies have a significant effect on the outcome of ASD in later life. Diagnosis of ASD and its differentiation from other developmental delays however can be difficult in toddler population. Moreover, the neurobiological impairments behind the cognitive function in ASD and other developmental delays in early childhood are unknown.;The choice of technique in neuroimaging depends on the type of information that one seeks, but more importantly the pool of subjects under the study. Assessment of brain function in children and toddlers can be a challenging matter both for typical groups and populations with ASD. Therefore the need for a patient friendly system that could be used for monitoring the brain function for toddler population has become essential. The current brain imaging modalities (such as fMRI or PET), however, make it challenging to study the brain function at a young age, mostly due to patient movement or invasive nature of the study. Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging brain imaging technology for noninvasive measurements of the local changes in cerebral hemodynamic levels, associated with brain activity. fNIRS uses light in near infrared region that can probe the cortical regions of the brain. The NIR absorption spectrum of the tissue is sensitive to changes in the concentration of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin, the two main biomarkers of brain function. Most importantly for pediatric applications, NIRS instruments are much smaller and less restraining compared to fMRI or PET and can tolerate subject motion to a larger extent than fMRI. These features make this patient-friendly technique well suited to study children with neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD, when keeping the subjects still for long periods of time becomes extremely challenging.;Temporal variations in cerebral hemodynamics, as measured by fNIRS can provide key information on brain function. For the brain, as an organ with high metabolic demand, cerebral autoregulation (CA) keeps the cerebral blood flow (CBF) constant, which is a vital mechanism to optimize oxygen delivery. In this research a new parameter, Oxygenation Variability Index (OV index), directly obtained from fNIRS data is introduced. This index measures the changes in oxygen saturation in the prefrontal cortex in frequencies related to cerebral autoregulation (<0.1 Hz). Two clinical studies to compare the functional development of the brain were conducted. First in typical children from ages of 4-8 performing a Go/No-Go task where the result indicated that OV index increased significantly with age between 4 and 6 years and decreased afterward, reaching a plateau. Therefore the index could be a correlate of brain development in children and can elucidate the developmental abnormalities. This research then focused on a group of 24-36 months old typical and language delay (LD) toddlers at risk of ASD watching a video. The measure of OV index showed significant difference between LD and typical toddlers, with the latter showing a higher level of OV Index. Moreover, the data analyses for the above subjects were extended to explore the relation between other features of NIRS signal between subjects and with other behavioral measures.;In summary, this research is devising an imaging platform as a fast, non-invasive, portable, and user-friendly method to assess the status of brain function. The application of this work can be utilized in real time situations and over a wide range of developmental stages to follow changes in cerebral hemodynamics with age (brain development) and, potentially, link hemodynamic characteristics to the cognitive status of the children. The establishment of such biomarkers will open new possibilities for diagnostics of neurodevelopmental disorders and, ultimately, for therapeutic intervention.
机译：要了解脑功能的发展，迫切需要从幼儿期定量评估大脑的激活。这在诸如自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）等神经发育障碍的早期干预中尤其重要。早期干预和疗法对以后生活中ASD的结果有重要影响。然而，对于幼儿人群，ASD的诊断及其与其他发育迟缓的区分可能很困难。此外，尚不清楚ASD认知功能背后的神经生物学损害以及儿童早期的其他发育迟缓。神经影像学技术的选择取决于人们寻求的信息类型，但更重要的是，该研究对象的集合。对于典型的人群和患有自闭症的人群而言，评估儿童和学步儿童的脑功能可能是一项挑战。因此，对于可用于监视学步儿童的脑功能的患者友好系统的需求变得至关重要。但是，当前的大脑成像方式（例如fMRI或PET）使得在年轻时研究大脑功能具有挑战性，这主要是由于患者运动或研究的侵入性。功能性近红外光谱（fNIRS）是一种新兴的大脑成像技术，用于无创测量与大脑活动相关的大脑血液动力学水平的局部变化。 fNIRS使用近红外区域的光，可以探测大脑的皮质区域。组织的NIR吸收光谱对脑功能的两个主要生物标记-氧合和脱氧血红蛋白的浓度变化敏感。对于儿科应用而言，最重要的是，与fMRI或PET相比，NIRS仪器体积更小，约束更少，并且可以比fMRI更大程度地容忍对象运动。这些特征使得这种对患者友好的技术非常适合研究患有神经发育障碍（例如ASD）的儿童，这时使受试者长时间保持静止变得非常具有挑战性.fNIRS测量的脑血流动力学的时空变化可以提供有关以下方面的关键信息：脑功能。对于大脑来说，作为具有高新陈代谢需求的器官，大脑自动调节（CA）可使大脑血流（CBF）保持恒定，这是优化氧气输送的重要机制。在这项研究中，引入了直接从fNIRS数据获得的新参数氧合变异性指数（OV index）。该指数测量与大脑自动调节相关的频率（<0.1 Hz）中前额叶皮层中氧饱和度的变化。进行了两项临床研究以比较大脑的功能发育。首先，在4至8岁的典型儿童中执行“去/不去”任务，结果表明OV指数随4至6岁的年龄而显着增加，此后降低，达到稳定水平。因此，该指数可能与儿童大脑发育有关，并可以阐明发育异常。然后，这项研究的重点是一组24至36个月大的典型和有语言障碍（LD）的幼儿，他们有自闭症观看视频的风险。 OV指数的测量结果显示LD和典型幼儿之间存在显着差异，后者显示出较高的OV指数水平。此外，对上述受试者的数据分析进行了扩展，以探索受试者之间NIRS信号的其他特征之间的关系以及与其他行为措施之间的关系。总之，本研究正在将成像平台设计为一种快速，无创，便携式，和人性化的方法来评估大脑功能的状态。这项工作的应用可以在实时情况下以及广泛的发育阶段中使用，以追踪随着年龄（大脑发育）而变化的脑血流动力学，并可能将血流动力学特征与儿童的认知状况联系起来。此类生物标志物的建立将为神经发育障碍的诊断以及最终的治疗干预打开新的可能性。

著录项

  • 作者

    Anderson, Afrouz Azari.;

  • 作者单位

    University of California, Davis.;

  • 授予单位 University of California, Davis.;
  • 学科 Biomedical engineering.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2015
  • 页码 119 p.
  • 总页数 119
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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