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首页> 外文学位 >Critical Period for Weed Control in Grafted Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) and Herbicide Tolerance of Grafted Tomato and Eggplant (Solanum melongena).
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Critical Period for Weed Control in Grafted Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) and Herbicide Tolerance of Grafted Tomato and Eggplant (Solanum melongena).

机译：嫁接番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）杂草控制的关键时期以及嫁接番茄和茄子（Solanum melongena）的除草剂耐受性。

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摘要

Field experiments were conducted to determine the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in non-grafted Amelia and Amelia grafted onto Maxifort tomato rootstock grown in plasticulture. The establishment treatments (EST) consisted of two seedlings of common purslane, large crabgrass and yellow nutsedge transplanted at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 12 wk after tomato transplanting (WAT) and remained until tomato harvest to simulate weeds emerging at different times during the season. The removal treatments (REM) consisted of the same weeds transplanted on the same d of tomato transplanting and removed at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 WAT to simulate weeds controlled at different times during the season. The beginning and end of the CPWC, based on a 5% yield loss of marketable tomato, was determined by fitting log-logistic and Gompertz models to the relative yield data representing REM and EST, respectively. The predicted CPWC, in the presence of a mixed population of weeds, was from 2.2 to 4.5 WAT in grafted tomato and from 3.3 to 5.8 WAT in non-grafted tomato. The length (2.3 or 2.5 wk) of CPWC in fresh market tomato was not affected by grafting, however, the CPWC management began and ended one wk earlier in grafted tomato than non-grafted tomato.;Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine herbicide tolerance of grafted tomato. Although injury was observed from post-transplant applied herbicides in the greenhouse, no differences were observed in grafted and non-grafted tomato response including visual injury, plant height and fresh weight. Tomato injury at 3 wk after herbicide application increased from 3 to 13, 1 to 37 and 2 to 86% as rate of halosulfuron, Smetolachlor and metribuzin increased, respectively. In field experiments under plasticulture, fomesafen, halosulfuron, napropamide, and trifluralin pre-transplant initially caused greater injury to grafted tomato than non-grafted tomato regardless of rootstock (Anchor-T, Beaufort or Maxifort). However, by 4 WAT, no injury was observed in grafted and non-grafted tomato.;Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine response of grafted eggplant on tomato rootstock to fomesafen, halosulfuron, S-metolachlor, metribuzin, napropamide, and trifluralin. No difference in injury from herbicides was observed in grafted and non-grafted eggplant in greenhouse and field experiments. Metribuzin applied posttransplant at 140 and 280 g ai ha-1 caused 94 and 100% injury to grafted and non-grafted eggplant 4 WAT. In field experiments, pre-transplant fomesafen, S-metolachlor, napropamide, and trifluralin caused less than 10% injury and no yield reduction in grafted and non-grafted eggplant. However, metribuzin caused higher injury and yield reduction in both grafted and non-grafted eggplant than other herbicides. Metribuzin at 550 g ha-1 caused 60 and 81% plant stand loss in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Halosulfuron reduced yield by 24% in both grafted and non-grafted eggplant compared to nontreated control in 2013 but did not reduce yield in 2014.;Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of metribuzin on drought-stressed grafted and non-grafted tomato. Drought stress treatments included no drought stress, 3 d of drought stress before with no drought stress after metribuzin application (3 d DSB), and 3 d of drought stress before with 3 d of drought stress after metribuzin application (3 d DSBA). Metribuzin was applied at 550 g ha-1. No difference in injury from metribuzin was observed in grafted and non-grafted plants. However, at 7 and 14 d after metribuzin treatment (DMT), less injury was observed on tomato plants that were 3 d DSBA (5 and 2% injury, respectively) than on plants that were 3 d DSB(15 and 8% injury, respectively) or those that were not subjected to drought stress (18 and 11% injury, respectively). Photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance were reduced similarly in grafted and non-grafted tomato when subjected to drought stress before metribuzin application. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of tomato at 7 DMT (3 d after rewatering) was not different among drought stress treatments or metribuzin treatments. Grafted tomato demonstrated similar tolerance as non-grafted tomato to metribuzin under drought stress conditions.;Experiments were conducted to evaluate absorption and translocation of halosulfuron in grafted and non-grafted tomato and eggplant. No differences were observed between the transplant types with regard to absorption and translocation of 14C-halosulfuron. Absorption of 14C-halosulfuron increased with time, reaching 10 and 74% of applied herbicide at 6 and 96 h after treatment (HAT), respectively. Translocation of 14C-halosulfuron was limited to the treated leaf, which reached maximum (66% of applied) at 96 HAT, whereas minimal (< 4% of applied) translocation occurred in scion shoot, rootstock shoot, and root combined. Results from this experiment indicate that grafting did not affect absorption and translocation of halosulfuron in tomato and eggplant. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).
机译：进行了野外试验，以确定非嫁接的Amelia和嫁接在可塑栽培的Maxifort番茄砧木上的Amelia的杂草控制（CPWC）的关键时期。建立处理（EST）包括在番茄移植（WAT）后第1、2、3、4、5、6和12周分别移植的两种马齿,、大马齿and和黄色坚果边缘的幼苗，并保持直到番茄收获以模拟杂草出现在季节的不同时间。去除处理（REM）包括在同一天的番茄移植上移植的相同杂草，并在2、3、4、5、6、8和12 WAT去除，以模拟该季节在不同时间控制的杂草。通过将对数逻辑模型和Gompertz模型分别拟合为代表REM和EST的相对产量数据，确定了CPWC的开始和结束（基于可出售番茄的5％产量损失）。在杂草混合种群的存在下，嫁接番茄的预测CPWC为2.2至4.5 WAT，非嫁接番茄为3.3至5.8 WAT。新鲜市场番茄中CPWC的长度（2.3或2.5 wk）不受嫁接的影响，但是嫁接番茄中CPWC的开始和结束要比非嫁接番茄早一wk。进行了温室和田间试验以确定除草剂嫁接番茄的耐性。尽管在温室中观察到了从移植后施用的除草剂造成的伤害，但未观察到嫁接和非嫁接番茄反应的差异，包括视觉伤害，植物高度和鲜重。施用除草剂后3周的番茄伤害率从3％增至13％，从1％增至37％和从2％增至86％，这是因为卤化磺隆，Smetolachlor和metribuzin的比例增加。在田间试验中，无论砧木（Anchor-T，Beaufort或Maxifort）如何，福莫沙芬，氟洛沙芬，氟磺隆，萘普胺和三氟拉林预移植最初对嫁接番茄的伤害大于未嫁接番茄。然而，通过4 WAT，在嫁接的和未嫁接的番茄上均未见损伤。在温室和田间试验中，在嫁接和未嫁接的茄子中未观察到除草剂造成的伤害差异。 Metribuzin在140和280 g ai ha-1的移植后施用对嫁接的和未嫁接的茄子4 WAT造成94％和100％的伤害。在田间试验中，移植前的福莫沙芬，异丙甲草胺，萘丙酰胺和三氟拉林造成的伤害低于10％，并且嫁接和未嫁接的茄子没有减产。然而，与其他除草剂相比，美法津对嫁接和未嫁接的茄子造成更大的伤害并降低了产量。 550 g ha-1的Metribuzin在2013年和2014年分别造成60％和81％的植物失窃。与2013年未处理的对照相比，卤代磺隆在嫁接和未嫁接的茄子中均降低了24％的产量，但在2014年并未降低产量。;进行了温室试验，以确定美特津对干旱胁迫的嫁接和未嫁接的番茄的功效。干旱胁迫处理包括：无干旱胁迫，在施用美赞嗪后3 d之前没有干旱胁迫（3 d DSB），以及在施用metribuzin之后3 d之前没有干旱胁迫3 d（3 d DSBA）。 Metribuzin的用量为550 g ha-1。在嫁接的和未嫁接的植物中，未观察到metribuzin造成的伤害差异。但是，在三甲双胍处理（DMT）后第7天和第14天，DSBA 3天（分别为5％和2％伤害）的番茄植株比DSB 3天（15％和8％伤害）的植株观察到的伤害要少，或未遭受干旱胁迫的那些（分别为18％和11％的伤害）。施用美凯津前，干旱和干旱导致嫁接和未嫁接番茄的光合速率和气孔导度均降低。干旱胁迫处理或美其津处理在7 DMT（复水后3 d）的光合作用和气孔导度无差异。嫁接的番茄在干旱胁迫条件下表现出与非嫁接番茄相似的对甲发嗪的耐受性。进行了实验以评估卤代磺隆在嫁接和非嫁接的番茄和茄子中的吸收和转运。在14C-卤代磺隆的吸收和转运方面，在移植类型之间未观察到差异。 14C-卤代磺隆的吸收随时间增加，分别在处理（HAT）后6小时和96小时达到10％和74％的除草剂。 14C-卤代磺隆的易位仅限于处理的叶片，在96 HAT时达到最大（施用量的66％），而接穗芽，砧木芽中发生的最小移位（<施用量的4％）和root结合在一起。该实验的结果表明，嫁接不影响卤代磺隆在番茄和茄子中的吸收和转运。 （摘要由UMI缩短。）。

著录项

  • 作者

    Chaudhari, Sushila.;

  • 作者单位

    North Carolina State University.;

  • 授予单位 North Carolina State University.;
  • 学科 Horticulture.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2015
  • 页码 140 p.
  • 总页数 140
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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