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Characterisation of radioactivity arising from the integrated steelworks in the UK and assessment of occupational exposure situations

机译：英国综合钢铁厂产生的放射性特征和职业暴露情况评估

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摘要

Most of the materials found on the Earth's surface, such as iron ores and all other materials entering the integrated steel-making process, contain measurable amounts of natural radioactivity mainly due to the presence of uranium-238 (238U), thorium-232 (232Th) and their respective daughter decay products. Some materials after being processed can present a relatively high concentration of natural radionuclides. These materials are defined as Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM). Since 2010, in the United Kingdom, industries producing NORM are subject to a new permitting regime. The current regime is named Environmental Permitting Regulations 2010 (EPR 2010), recently amended and replaced by EPR2016 and is directly derived from the European Directive EURATOM 1996, itself reviewed in 2013 and replaces the previous exemption limits defined in the previous regime Radioactive Substances Act 1993 (RSA93). As a result, the steel industry is now potentially producing materials above the new exemption levels to dispose of and therefore has a new environmental duty to accurately determine the radioactivity content of a wide range of iron- and steel-making materials used on site within the processes and/or sold off to third parties. In the steel industry, the main isotopes of concern are polonium-210 (210Po) and lead-210 (210Pb), which concentrate in the waste off-gas dusts from the iron ore sintering and blast furnaces processes, and radium-226 (226Ra) which can be found in slag materials from the blast furnace process. NORM can also result in potential exposure of the workforce to radioactive substances, mainly in workplaces where NORM are handled, stockpiled or processed. The UK steel industry has a duty of care to protect the workers and assess the potential occupational exposure to natural radioactivity in its workplaces in accordance with the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 (IRR99), recently replaced by IRR17 since 1st January 2018.
机译：地球表面上发现的大多数材料，例如铁矿石和所有其他进入整合炼钢过程的材料，都包含可测量的自然放射性，这主要是由于存在铀238（238U），or 232（232Th ）及其各自的子级衰变产物。一些材料经过处理后会呈现出较高浓度的天然放射性核素。这些材料定义为天然放射性材料（NORM）。自2010年以来，在英国，生产NORM的工业受到新的许可制度的约束。当前制度被称为2010年环境许可法规（EPR 2010），最近被EPR2016修订并取而代之，它直接源自1996年经过审查的欧洲指令EURATOM 1996，并取代了1993年《放射性物质法》中先前定义的豁免限额。 （RSA93）。结果，钢铁行业现在有可能生产出超过新豁免水平的材料进行处理，因此具有新的环境责任，可以准确确定钢铁厂现场使用的各种钢铁材料的放射性含量。过程和/或出售给第三方。在钢铁行业，主要关注的同位素是are210（210Po）和铅210（210Pb），它们主要集中在铁矿石烧结和高炉过程中产生的废气粉尘中，以及镭226（226Ra） ）可以在高炉工艺的炉渣材料中找到。 NORM还可能导致工人潜在地暴露于放射性物质，主要是在NORM的处理，储存或加工场所。根据《 1999年电离辐射法规》（IRR99），英国钢铁业有责任保护工人并评估其工作场所潜在的自然放射性职业暴露，自2018年1月1日起最近被IRR17取代。

著录项

  • 作者

    Dal Molin, Franck.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Surrey (United Kingdom).;

  • 授予单位 University of Surrey (United Kingdom).;
  • 学科 Materials science.;Occupational safety.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2018
  • 页码 282 p.
  • 总页数 282
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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