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Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling of the Tigris River System in Iraq Using CE-QUAL-W2

机译：基于CE-QUAL-W2的伊拉克底格里斯河系统水动力与水质模拟。

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摘要

The Tigris River is one of two primary rivers in Iraq and is, along with the Euphrates, the main source for drinking and irrigation water in the country. The Tigris River originates in the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, and is 1850 km long. The majority of the river, 1418 km lie within Iraq. The river passes through, and is the primary drinking water source for, major cities such as Mosul, Baeji, Samarra, Baghdad (the capital), and Kut. The Tigris River joints the Euphrates River in Qurna city within Basra province to form the Shatt Al-Arab River which eventually discharges into the Persian Gulf.;As a result of fluctuations in flow rate along the Tigris River that cause both potential flooding and drought, Mosul Dam was built on the mainstem of the Tigris River upstream of the city of Mosul and was operated starting in July1986 to control the river flow and to generate hydroelectricity. Some canals were also constructed to divert excess fresh water from the mainstem of the river at Samarra Barrage located 125 km north (upstream) of Baghdad to Tharthar Lake, an artificial lake located 100 km northwest Baghdad city. The Tigris-Tharthar canal, 75 km long, was constructed in 1956 to divert excess water from Samarra Barrage to Tharthar Lake and to prevent potential flooding in Baghdad. During dry seasons, high total dissolved solids (TDS) water is diverted from Tharthar Lake into the mainstem of the Tigris River through the 65 km long Tharthar-Tigris canal, which is located 25 km upstream Baghdad.;Due to rapid population growth and increasing industrial activates, the Tigris River is also facing many water quality challenges from inflows of contaminated wastewater from treatment plant stations. A water quality model that simulates the Tigris River system is therefore needed to study the effects of these discharges and how water quality of the Tigris River could be managed. To address this issue, I used CE-QUAL-W2 to develop a 2-D (longitudinal and vertical) hydrodynamic and water quality model of the mainstem Tigris River from Mosul Dam (Rkm 0) to Kut Barrage (Rkm 880). In addition, Tharthar Lake and its canals were modeled.;A full suite of hydrodynamic and water quality variables were simulated for the year 2009, including flowrates, water level, and water temperature. Additionally, water quality constituents such as total dissolved solids (TDS), phosphate (PO4), ammonium (NH4), nitrate (NO3), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were also simulated. Bathymetry of the Tigris River and field data such as flowrate, water level, TDS, NO3 were obtained from the Ministry of Water Resources in Iraq, while surface water temperatures of the Tigris River were estimated remotely using Landsat satellites. These satellites provided a continuous observation record of remote sites. Other water quality field data, such as PO4, NH4, BOD, and DO, were estimated from literature values.;Meteorological data, including, wind speed, wind direction, air and dew point temperatures, cloud cover, and solar radiation were obtained from the Iraqi Ministry of Transportation, the General Organization for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring. Model predictions of flow and water level were compared to field data at three stations along the mainstem of the Tigris River, including Baeji, downstream of Samarra Barrage, and Baghdad. The absolute mean error in the flow varied from 12.6 to 3.4 m3/s and the water level absolute mean error varied from 0.036 to 0.018 m. The percentage error of the overall flowrate at Baeji, downstream Samarra Barrage and Baghdad was 1.9%, 0.8%, and 0.8% respectively. Injecting a conservative tracer at Mosul Dam showed that a parcel of water reaches to Baeji, Samarra Barrage, Baghdad, and Kut Barrage after approximately 3 days, 5 days, 10 days, and 19 days, respectively.;Water temperature field data in Iraq are limited and there was no archive of existing field data. Therefore, I obtained estimates of surface water temperature on the Tigris River using the thermal band of the Landsat satellite, one of a series of satellites launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The calibration between satellite data and water temperature was validated using sparse field data from 2004, and the calibration then applied to 82 Landsat images from the year 2009. Landsat estimates showed a bias of -2 °C compared to model results in winter months, possibly due to uncertainty in Landsat estimations. The absolute mean errors of the CE-QUAL-W2 model predictions of water temperature compared to Landsat estimated temperatures were 0.9 and 1.0 °C at Baeji and Baghdad respectively. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).
机译：底格里斯河是伊拉克的两条主要河流之一，与幼发拉底河一起，是该国饮用水和灌溉水的主要来源。底格里斯河发源于土耳其的金牛座山脉，长1850公里。 1418公里的大部分河流都位于伊拉克境内。河流穿过摩苏尔，百济，萨马拉，巴格达（首都）和库特等主要城市，并且是这些城市的主要饮用水来源。底格里斯河汇合了巴士拉省Qurna市的幼发拉底河，形成了沙特阿拉伯河，最终流入波斯湾;由于底格里斯河的流量波动导致潜在的洪水和干旱，摩苏尔水坝建在摩苏尔市上游的底格里斯河干线上，并于1986年7月开始运营，以控制河流流量并产生水力发电。还修建了一些运河，以将多余的淡水从巴格达以北125公里（上游）的萨玛拉堰坝的河干中转移到塔格湖，塔尔塔湖是位于巴格达市西北100公里处的人工湖。长达75公里的底格里斯-塔塔尔（Thgris-Tharthar）运河建于1956年，目的是将多余的水从萨马拉（Samarra）拦河坝引到塔塔尔湖（Tharthar Lake），并防止巴格达发生洪水。在干旱季节，高总溶解固体（TDS）水通过位于巴格达上游25公里的65公里长的Tharthar-Tigris运河从Tharthar湖分流到Tigris河的主干河；由于人口的快速增长和增加随着工业活动的开展，底格里斯河还面临着许多污水质量问题，这些污水源来自污水处理厂站的污水。因此，需要一个模拟底格里斯河水系的水质模型来研究这些排放的影响以及如何管理底格里斯河的水质。为了解决这个问题，我使用CE-QUAL-W2开发了从摩苏尔大坝（Rkm 0）到库特弹幕（Rkm 880）的主干底格里斯河的二维（纵向和垂直）水动力和水质模型。此外，还对Tharthar湖及其运河进行了建模。对2009年的全套水动力和水质变量进行了模拟，包括流量，水位和水温。此外，水质成分包括总溶解固体（TDS），磷酸盐（PO4），铵（NH4），硝酸盐（NO3），生化需氧量（BOD），叶绿素a（Chl-a）和溶解氧（DO） ）也进行了模拟。底格里斯河的测深图和流量，水位，TDS，NO3等野外数据是从伊拉克水利部获得的，而底格里斯河的地表水温度是通过Landsat卫星远程估算的。这些卫星提供了对远程站点的连续观察记录。其他的水质领域数据，例如PO4，NH4，BOD和DO，是根据文献值估算得出的;气象数据包括风速，风向，空气和露点温度，云量和太阳辐射是从伊拉克运输部气象和地震监测总组织。将沿底格里斯河干流的三个站点（包括Baeji，Samarra Barrage下游和巴格达）的流量和水位模型预测与现场数据进行了比较。流量的绝对平均误差在12.6至3.4 m3 / s之间变化，水位绝对平均误差在0.036至0.018 m之间变化。 Baeji，下游Samarra Barrage和巴格达的总流量的百分比误差分别为1.9％，0.8％和0.8％。在摩苏尔大坝注入保守的示踪剂表明，分别在大约3天，5天，10天和19天后，一小堆水分别到达了Baeji，Samarra Barrage，Baghdad和Kut Barrage。限制，并且没有现有现场数据的存档。因此，我使用美国国家航空航天局（NASA）发射的一系列卫星之一Landsat卫星的热带获得了底格里斯河地表水温度的估算值。使用2004年以来的稀疏野外数据验证了卫星数据和水温之间的校准，然后将该校准应用于2009年以来的82张Landsat图像。与冬季的模型结果相比，Landsat的估计值偏差为-2°C。由于Landsat估算的不确定性。 CE-QUAL-W2模型预测的水温与Landsat估计温度相比的绝对平均误差在Baeji和Baghdad分别为0.9和1.0°C。 （摘要由ProQuest缩短。）。

著录项

  • 作者

    Al Murib, Muhanned.;

  • 作者单位

    Portland State University.;

  • 授予单位 Portland State University.;
  • 学科 Civil engineering.;Water resources management.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2018
  • 页码 323 p.
  • 总页数 323
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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