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Slums and children's disadvantage: The case of India.

机译：贫民窟和儿童的劣势：印度。

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The developing world is urbanizing very rapidly; while the average poor person was once a rural resident, today the average poor person lives in a city. The majority of urban growth is taking place in the poorest segments of urban society, both because of migration and high fertility among the urban poor. This has resulted in the growth and proliferation of slums in the developing world. This dissertation seeks to quantify what disadvantages are faced by children living in slums in India. As a large, quickly urbanizing, and democratic country, India is a natural place to undertake a study of slums.;I begin by examining how to best conceptualize and define slums, reviewing slum definitions from India and around the world. Following this, I use data from the National Family Health Survey 2005-2006, a national household survey of India that includes oversamples of slum populations, to examine three sets of outcomes. First, I consider infant and child mortality. I find that slum infants and children face higher mortality than other urban children but lower mortality than rural children. Once family background is taken into account, however, these differences disappear entirely. Second, I examine children's health. I find that slum children are no more likely to be malnourished or suffer acute illness symptoms than other children. Questions are raised about the validity of maternal reports of children's health, however. Third and last, I consider children's school attendance and work. Contrary to popular belief, I find that rural children are the most likely to be attending school net of family background characteristics. Slum children are indistinguishable from other urban children until age 14, at which point they become much less likely to be in school than either rural or other urban children. Though further research is needed, I attribute this to a combination of a vibrant informal economy in slums that provides incentives for children to work and a deficit of government run high schools for children to attend.;Overall, this dissertation provides some of the first rigorous quantitative analysis of the situation of slum residents in the developing world. Taken together, the results indicate that slums are a difficult and complex phenomenon to measure, not a homogenous set of neighborhoods. In some ways slums disadvantage residents, but in other ways slums may provide advantages compared to rural residence.
机译：发展中国家的城市化进程非常迅速；虽然普通的穷人曾经是农村居民，但如今普通的穷人却生活在城市中。城市人口的大部分增长发生在城市社会中最贫穷的阶层，这既是由于城市贫民的迁徙和高生育率所致。这导致了发展中国家贫民窟的增长和扩散。本文试图量化生活在印度贫民窟中的儿童所面临的不利条件。作为一个庞大的，迅速城市化和民主的国家，印度是进行贫民窟研究的自然之地。我首先研究如何最好地概念化和定义贫民窟，并回顾印度和世界各地的贫民窟定义。在此之后，我使用2005-2006年全国家庭健康调查（印度全国住户调查，其中包括贫民窟人口的超采样）中的数据来检验三组结果。首先，我考虑婴儿和儿童的死亡率。我发现，贫民窟婴儿和儿童的死亡率比其他城市儿童高，但死亡率比农村儿童低。但是，一旦考虑到家庭背景，这些差异将完全消失。第二，我检查孩子的健康。我发现，贫民窟的儿童与其他儿童相比，营养不良或出现急性疾病症状的可能性更高。然而，有关孕产妇儿童健康报告有效性的质疑。第三，也是最后一个，我考虑孩子们的上学和工作。与普遍的看法相反，我发现农村儿童最有可能因家庭背景而上学。在14岁之前，贫民窟的儿童与其他城市儿童没有区别，到那时，与农村或其他城市儿童相比，他们在学校上学的可能性大大降低。尽管还需要进一步的研究，但我将其归因于贫民窟蓬勃发展的非正式经济，这种经济为孩子们的上班提供了动力，而政府为孩子们上学的政府开设的高中不足。总的来说，本文提供了一些严格的建议。定量分析发展中国家贫民窟居民的状况。两者合计，结果表明，贫民窟是一种难以衡量的复杂现象，而不是同质的社区。贫民窟在某些方面使居民处于不利地位，但与农村住所相比，贫民窟在某些方面可以提供优势。

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