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The Influence of Conservation Tillage and Conventional Tillage on Soil Bacterial Diversity in Southern Illinois

机译：保护性耕作和常规耕作对伊利诺伊州南部土壤细菌多样性的影响

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摘要

Agriculture in the Midwest United States (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin) is a critically important component of the United States economy and also for world exports of food grain. This is well reflected in the 2012 Census of Agriculture which showed that these states had a market value of crop and livestock products sold in excess of $80,000,000,000 (USDA, 2012). Within the U.S. the three Midwest states, Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota are ranked 2nd, 3rd, and 4th for the economic value of crops sold. This economic value of agriculture in the Midwest encompasses not only corn, soybeans, livestock, vegetables, fruits, tree nuts, and berries but also nursery and many greenhouse plants. Soil is the one common underlying platform for agriculture and if agriculture has to remain profitable and sustainable, a scientific understanding of soils and their relationship to plant productivity is critical.;Soils harbor probably the most diverse microbial ecosystems on Earth (Delmont et al., 2011) and we are just beginning to understand the full extent of this diversity and how it influences agricultural productivity and how in turn agricultural practices influence the microbial diversity. Estimations indicate that approximately 1,000 Giga base pairs (Gbp) of microbial genomic sequences exist per gram of soil (Vogel et al., 2009). Microorganisms occupy almost every available niche on Earth and directly affect the environment and agricultural systems by a range of mechanisms that include biological nitrogen fixation (Hungria, Franchini, Campo, & Graham, 2005), suppression of diseases (Mendes et al., 2011), decomposition of organic components (Schmidt et al., 2011), plant growth promotion (Bhattacharya & Jha, 2012), soil nutrient cycling (Brussard, 2012) and bioremediation (Ali et al., 2012). Soil microbial community structure and its associated and interdependent biological processes can be affected by the way land is used and managed. Since a vast majority of soil microorganisms do not respond to "traditional" culturing techniques (Delmont et al., 2011), it has been difficult to study and characterize the functional and phylogenetic diversity of these important ecosystems until recent advances in next-generation DNA sequencing which have begun to unravel what is beneath our feet (Caporaso et al., 2010). According to Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the amount of land used for agriculture is about 11% (http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4252e/y4252e06.htm) and the emissions which can have serious environmental and health effects from agricultural food production far outweigh the total emissions from all the other industries combined (Bauer, Tsigardis, & Miller, 2016). Thus, any steps to fine-tune the management practices and the way the agricultural land is utilized can go a long way in sustaining our way of life while maintaining a healthy environment.;The purpose of this study is to examine the shifts in the taxonomic diversity of bacteria in soils at phylum, class and order level between two distinct agricultural practices--Conventional Tillage (CT) and Conservation Tillage (NT) in Southern Illinois along with changes in soil compaction and soil phosphatase activity. The larger idea, based on results reported here and elsewhere, is to encourage conservative tillage practices using a combination of diverse cover crop systems and continuous soil cover which seem to enhance functional microbial diversity in the soil (Ajay & Ngouajio, 2012; Verzeaux et al., 2016). Research also indicates the presence of higher numbers of bacteria of varied trophic groups, as well as increased species richness in bacteria in well-managed soils with minimal tilling and this, may correspond to more resilience to drying and rewetting disturbances in the soil (Anne et al., 2006).;This research may be the first to reconstruct the entire soil bacterial community in agricultural fields of Southern Illinois and will also hopefully be a precursor for more studies aimed at not only understanding soil from a biological bacterial perspective but also in deciphering interesting patterns that can help correlate changes in land management practices and how they impact bacterial communities. It may help us in developing a methodology to use bacterial taxa as indicators of soil management practices. The study will also detect previously unreported rare bacterial taxa-specific for this region and regional geochemistry.
机译：美国中西部地区（伊利诺伊州，印第安纳州，爱荷华州，密歇根州，明尼苏达州，俄亥俄州和威斯康星州）的农业是美国经济的重要组成部分，也是世界粮食谷物出口的重要组成部分。这在2012年农业普查中得到了充分体现，该普查显示这些州的农作物和畜产品的市场价值超过8000亿美元（USDA，2012）。在美国中西部三个州，伊利诺伊州，爱荷华州和明尼苏达州的农作物经济价值分别排名第二，第三和第四。中西部农业的经济价值不仅包括玉米，大豆，牲畜，蔬菜，水果，坚果和浆果，还包括苗圃和许多温室植物。土壤是农业的一个基本基础平台，如果要使农业保持盈利和可持续发展，对土壤及其与植物生产力的关系的科学了解就至关重要。土壤可能具有地球上最多样化的微生物生态系统（Delmont等， 2011年），我们才刚刚开始了解这种多样性的全部范围，以及它如何影响农业生产力以及反过来农业实践又如何影响微生物多样性。估计表明每克土壤大约存在1,000个千兆位碱基对（Gbp）的微生物基因组序列（Vogel等，2009）。微生物几乎占据了地球上每个可用的生态位，并通过一系列机制直接影响环境和农业系统，包括生物固氮（匈牙利，弗朗西尼，坎波和格雷厄姆，2005年），疾病抑制（Mendes等人，2011年）。 ，有机成分的分解（Schmidt等，2011），促进植物生长（Bhattacharya＆Jha，2012），土壤养分循环（Brussard，2012）和生物修复（Ali等，2012）。土壤微生物群落结构及其相关和相互依赖的生物过程会受到土地使用和管理方式的影响。由于绝大多数土壤微生物对“传统”培养技术没有反应（Delmont et al。，2011），因此，要研究和表征这些重要生态系统的功能和系统发育多样性，直到下一代DNA的最新进展是困难的测序已经开始揭露我们脚下的东西（Caporaso等，2010）。根据粮食及农业组织（FAO）的数据，用于农业的土地数量约为11％（http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4252e/y4252e06.htm），且其排放会严重影响环境。农业食品生产对健康的影响远远超过其他所有行业的总排放量（Bauer，Tsigardis和Miller，2016年）。因此，任何微调管理实践和农业土地利用方式的步骤都可以在维持我们的生活方式，保持健康环境的过程中大有帮助。；本研究的目的是研究生物分类学的变化伊利诺伊州南部的两种传统耕作方式-传统耕作（CT）和保护耕作（NT）之间，门，阶和阶的土壤中细菌的多样性以及土壤压实度和土壤磷酸酶活性的变化。根据在此和其他地方报告的结果，更大的想法是鼓励采用多种覆盖作物系统和连续土壤覆盖相结合的保守耕作方法，这似乎可以增强土壤中的功能微生物多样性（Ajay＆Ngouajio，2012； Verzeaux等。，2016）。研究还表明，在营养水平较高的土壤中，耕种最少的耕作情况下，存在不同营养类别的细菌数量增加，并且细菌的物种丰富度增加，这可能对应于对土壤干燥和重新润湿干扰的更强适应力（Anne et al。等（2006）。这项研究可能是第一个重建伊利诺伊州南部农田中整个土壤细菌群落的研究，也有望成为更多研究的先驱，这些研究不仅旨在从生物细菌的角度了解土壤，而且还旨在破译有趣的模式，可以帮助关联土地管理实践的变化及其对细菌群落的影响。它可以帮助我们开发一种使用细菌类群作为土壤管理实践指标的方法。该研究还将检测该区域和区域地球化学以前未报告的稀有细菌类群。

著录项

  • 作者

    Syed, Nasser.;

  • 作者单位

    The University of Southern Mississippi.;

  • 授予单位 The University of Southern Mississippi.;
  • 学科 Soil sciences.;Microbiology.;Molecular biology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2018
  • 页码 120 p.
  • 总页数 120
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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