On the Economics of the Direction of Research.

机译：论经济学的研究方向。

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This dissertation considers the problem of research lines. Of particular interest are technological areas with many research projects available today, whereby successful invention affects the nature of research targets available tomorrow. I use theory and history to investigate the intersection of research lines with optimal patent policy, inefficient firm R&D behavior, path dependence, and the early histories of the aviation and nuclear industries.;In Section 1, joint with Jorge Lemus, we develop a novel and tractable theory of research direction. We show firms will pursue inefficient research lines because they only capture a portion of the value of downstream innovations, they only care about surplus marginal to what they receive from doing nothing, and they are incentivized to "race'' toward relatively easy projects since they do not account for how their effort affects the time at which various downstream projects become available to other firms.;In Section 2, I use a simplified version of the theory from Section 1 to examine the early history of the nuclear industry. It has long been conjectured that the dominant technology in nuclear power, light water reactors, was both an ex-ante and an ex-post inefficient research target. I consider the potential welfare benefits of counterfactually decreasing targeted subsidies to nuclear plant builders, of allowing stronger patents, and of reacting to apparent "lock-in'' of light water at GE and Westinghouse. I suggest that, in the presence of limited planner knowledge about the value and difficulty of research targets, optimal policy is either always second-best or else involves "picking winners'' in a broad sense.;In Section 3, I investigate the collapse of the early aviation industry in the United States. Despite being the home of the Wright Brothers, by World War I the US aviation industry was nearly extinct. I separate the airplane into its constituent microinventions, and show that even in 1903 the US lagged France and Germany in the development of components that would prove critical to a commercially viable airplane. I suggest that strong pioneer patents can provide early innovators an incentive to shut down sources of technology transfer.

机译：本文考虑了研究路线问题。特别感兴趣的是当今有许多研究项目可用的技术领域，因此成功的发明会影响明天可用的研究目标的性质。我使用理论和历史研究了最优专利政策，无效的公司R＆D行为，路径依赖以及航空和核工业的早期历史等研究领域的交集。在第1部分中，我们与Jorge Lemus合作开发了一种新颖的产品。和易处理的理论研究方向。我们显示，公司将追求低效率的研究路线，因为它们仅捕获下游创新的价值的一部分，他们只关心从无所作为中获得的剩余边际收益，并且他们被激励去竞争相对容易的项目，因为它们在第2节中，我使用第1节中的理论的简化版本来检查核工业的早期历史。据推测，核电，轻水反应堆中的主导技术既是事前效率，也是事后效率低下的目标。我认为反事实减少对核电站建设者的有针对性的补贴可能会带来福利收益，因为这将允许获得更强的专利权，并对GE和Westinghouse的轻水的明显“锁定”做出反应。我建议，在规划人员对研究目标的价值和难度缺乏了解的情况下，最优政策要么总是第二好，要么从广义上讲就是“选拔赢家”。在第3节中，我研究了崩溃的原因。尽管是赖特兄弟的故乡，但到了第一次世界大战时，美国航空业几乎灭绝了，我将飞机分解成微型发明，并表明即使在1903年，美国也落后于法国我建议强大的开拓者专利可以为早期的创新者提供动力，以切断他们的技术转让来源。

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作者
Bryan, Kevin A.;
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Northwestern University.;

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授予单位 Northwestern University.;
学科 Economics General.;Economics Theory.
学位 Ph.D.
年度 2014
页码 204 p.
总页数 204
原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
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机译：用于方向敏感暗物质研究的探测器开发。
6. Why do foreign-born blacks have lower infant mortality than native-born blacks? New directions in African-American infant mortality research. [O] . Kenneth D. Rosenberg, Rani A. Desai, Jianli Kan 2002

机译：为什么外国出生的黑人的婴儿死亡率比本地出生的黑人低？非裔美国人婴儿死亡率研究的新方向。
7. Decision-making is the process of analyzing information about a problem situation and comparing it to a specific conclusion in order to solve a specific problematic (Yıkılmaz, 2001; Miller and Byrnes, 2001). Decision-making styles are a mechanism that is influenced by the internal and external conditions that determine the direction of the decisions of the individual, the content of the decision-making process, and the outcome of the decision-making process (Payne, Bettman and Johson, 1993; Bavol’ár and Orosová, 2015). ACT is a contemporary member of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy family. ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy) has both similar and different directions with Behavioral Therapies and Cognitive Therapies (Herbet and Forman, 2011; Hayes, 2004). KKT responds to classical behavioral treatments using both existential and cognitive approaches in the analysis of behavior. KKT is a science wing that tries to solve human problems with a wider perspective aimed at solving problematic human behaviors (Plumb, Stewart, Dahl and Lundgren, 2009). It is seen that there is very little research about the new approach of ACT approach when the aiming country of our country is screened and it is thought that our country will contribute to the field of psychological counseling with the work done. In the scope of the research, experimental and control groups and preliminary test, post-test and follow-up measurements of 2x3 experimental design were used. The study's study group consists of a total of 24 (12 experimental and 12 control groups) university students studying in different departments and levels, continuing their education in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Ağrı province and İbrahim Chechen University in 2015-2016 academic year. The average age of participants in the experiment and control group is 20. There were 12 participants in the experimental group, 7 female and 5 male, and 12 participants, 7 female and 5 male in the control group. Personal Information Form and Decision Making Style Scale prepared by the researcher were used in the research. In order to decide on the tests to be used in the course of analyzing the data, the scores of the participant's Decision Styles Scale pre-test, which are placed primarily in the experimental and control groups, it was analyzed whether the basic expectations of parametric tests were answered. As a result of the analysis made, the scores, skewness and kurtosis coefficients obtained from the Decision Making Styles Scale were given to the experimental and control groups. It was determined that the distribution was normal in the result of Shapiro-Wilk test, in which the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of each sub-scale were ranked between -1 and +1. Participants in the experimental and control groups; homogeneity test results for decision-style pre-test measurements indicate that the data are homogeneous. According to the results of the Mauchly Globalness Test, it has been determined that working supports the hypothesis. It was determined that there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores obtained from dependent decision-making style of experiment and control groups, but the test group showed lower mean scores at the significant level within the scores of post-test and follow-up tests. Therefore, it can be said that the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group reduces the dependent decision-making style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions and the psychoeducation program has a lasting effect. It was determined that there was no significant difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores obtained from the Spontaneous-Instant Decision Style of experiment and control groups. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not cause a significant difference in the Spontaneous-Decision-Making Style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The ACT -oriented psychoeducation program had a decline in the intuitive decision-making styles of the individuals, but this decrease did not create significant differences. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not make a meaningful difference in the intuitive decision style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the KKT oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The pre-test scores obtained from the rational decision-making style of the experimental and control groups showed that there was a difference between the post-test and the follow-up scores, but this difference was not significant. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the test group had higher levels of rational decision style than the pre - test scores in the post test and follow - up scores, whereas the post test and follow - up test scores in the control group rational decision style showed a decrease compared to the pre - test scores. the pre - test scores. Decision-making Styles Scale Avoidant Decision Making As a result of the analysis of the mean scores of the subscale scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measures, the group effect was found to be insignificant. It was determined that the experimental and control groups differed significantly from the pre-test scores obtained from the avoidant decision-making style but did not show any significant change within the scores of the post-test and follow-up tests. [O] . mustafa ercengiz, ali haydar şar 2018

机译：决策是分析有关问题情况的信息并将其与特定结论进行比较的过程，以解决特定的问题（Yıkılmaz，2001; Miller和Byrnes，2001）。决策风格是一种机制，受到内部和外部条件的影响，确定个人决定的方向，决策过程的内容以及决策过程的结果（PAYNE，BETTMAN和BEDNE） Johson，1993;Bavol'ár和奥萨洛瓦，2015）。法案是认知行为治疗家庭的当代成员。行为（验收和承诺治疗）具有与行为疗法和认知疗法的类似和不同方向（Herbet和Forman，2011; Hayes，2004）。 KKT在分析行为中使用存在性和认知方法来响应古典行为治疗方法。 KKT是一个科学翼，试图解决人类问题，旨在解决有问题的人类行为（铅垂，斯图尔特，Dahl和Lundgren，2009）。有人认为，当我们国家的瞄准国家进行筛选时，有关行动方法的新方法几乎没有研究，并且认为我们的国家将为完成工作做出贡献的心理咨询领域。在研究的范围内，使用实验和对照组和初步测试，使用后测试和后续测量的2x3实验设计。该研究的研究小组包括共24名（12个实验和12个对照组）大学学生在不同的部门和水平上学习，在2015-2016学术上继续进行2015-2016的学术年度2015-2016学年年。实验和对照组参与者的平均年龄是20.实验组中有12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性，12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性。研究人员准备的个人信息表格和决策制定风格规模在研究中使用。为了决定在分析数据的过程中使用的测试，参与者的决策风格刻度预测的分数主要在实验和对照组中进行，分析了参数的基本期望吗？测试得到了回答。由于对实验和对照组给出了从决策曲调标度获得的分数，偏移和峰度分子系数。确定该分布是正常的在成熟的-WILK试验结果中，其中每亚级的偏差和刚度系数在-1到+1之间排名。实验和对照组的参与者;决策式预测测量的同质性测试结果表明数据是均匀的。根据毛毛环保试验的结果，已确定工作支持假设。据确定，从依赖决策风格的实验和对照组获得的预测分数之间没有显着差异，但测试组在测试后的分数内显示出较低的平均分数和后续的分数 - 测试。因此，可以说，应用于实验组的面向活动的心理教育程序减少了决策风格子维度的依赖决策风格分数，并且心理教育程序具有持久的效果。据确定，从实验和对照组自发决策风格获得的预测试，测试后和后续评分之间没有显着差异。因此，可以说这种情况不会导致从应用于实验组的活动导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数的自发决策风格分数显着差异。行为的心理教育计划在个人直观的决策风格下降，但这种减少并没有产生显着的差异。因此，可以说，这种情况不会在从应用于实验组的KKT导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数中产生有意义的决策风格分数。从实验和对照组的理性决策风格获得的预测分数显示后检验后和随访评分之间存在差异，但这种差异并不重要。由于分析，确定测试组的理性决策风格较高，而不是后测试和后续分数的预测分数，而对照组合理决策风格的后测试和后续测试分数显示出与预测试分数相比的减少。预测分数。决策款式扩展避免决策由于分析了预测试，测试后和后续措施的班次评分的平均分数，发现群体效应是微不足道的。确定实验和对照组从避免决策风格获得的预测评分中显着不同，但在测试后和后续测试的分数内没有显示出任何重大变化。
8. New Directions in Federal Economic Development Programs. Volume 4, Number 3. Explorations in Economic Research. Proceedings of the Occasional Papers of the National Bureau of Economic Research Held at Williamsburg, Virginia on November 30-December 1, 1973 [R] . Smith, E. K. 1977

机译：联邦经济发展计划的新方向。第4卷，第3期。经济研究的探索。国家经济研究局临时文件的会议记录于1973年11月30日至12月1日在弗吉尼亚州威廉斯堡举行

On the Economics of the Direction of Research.

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