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首页> 外文学位 >Modeling and estimation of crosstalk across a channel with multiple, non-parallel coupling and crossings of multiple aggressors in practical PCBs.
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Modeling and estimation of crosstalk across a channel with multiple, non-parallel coupling and crossings of multiple aggressors in practical PCBs.

机译：实际PCB中具有多个非平行耦合和多个干扰源交叉的通道上的串扰建模和估算。

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摘要

Increases in the cost of printed circuit boards (PCB) due to increases in the layer count have led to the design of PCB stack-ups with broadside coupled signals. The broadside coupling of signals in the adjacent layers also leads to crosstalk, which can at times be difficult to model and quantify in terms of its impact on the receiver eye opening. The difficulty stems from the fact that in most boards, multiple occurrences of broadside coupling occur between the signal traces at various angles. The challenges involved in rapid modeling include generating models for the broadside coupled section without the overhead of time-consuming Full-Wave simulations. Full wave simulations are time and memory intensive, especially for coupled traces that are at an angle, and real board designs can have hundreds of these angles. The simulation challenges include accurately predicting the impact of crosstalk on the bit error rate (BER). Focus is on alleviating the modeling challenges by breaking the overall geometry into small, unique sections and using either a Full-Wave or fast equivalent per-unit-length (Eq. PUL) resistance, inductance, conductance, capacitance (RLGC) method or a partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) for the broadside coupled traces that cross at an angle. The simulation challenge is resolved by seamlessly integrating the models into a statistical simulation tool that is able to quantify the eye opening at BERs that would help electrical designers in locating crosstalk sensitive regions in the high speed backplane channel designs. The dielectric media surrounding the traces are not homogeneous and this increases the Far End Crosstalk (FEXT) and throughput (THRU), thereby reducing the signal to noise ratio of the high speed link. FEXT crosstalk impact on eye opening at a specified bit error rate (BER) at different signal speeds for broadside and edge side single-ended and differential coupled traces in inhomogeneous media is investigated and compares the results against homogeneous media models. A set of design guidelines regarding the material, coupled length and stackup parameter selection is formulated for designers based on the signaling speeds.;Additionally, due to the fiber weave effect, designers have also been forced to route signal traces in a zig-zag fashion rather than in straight lines. This type of routing tends to be roughly periodic between the victim and aggressor. The periodic coupled routing creates periodic resonances in the near end crosstalk (NEXT) and nulls in throughput (THRU) transfer functions due to Floquet modes. Due to the periodic resonances, the crosstalk is aggravated, which reduces the signal to crosstalk ratio. The major objective of the present study is to determine quantitatively the effect of crosstalk due to periodic routing. Another objective is to help designers figure out the "do's" and "don'ts" of broadside coupled routing for higher signaling rates. A set of design guidelines based on the angle of routing, length of period and signaling speeds was formulated for designers using statistical bit-error rate (BER) analysis.;A new methodology is proposed to generate BER contours that capture the Tx driver jitter and ISI through the channel accurately using unique waveforms created from truth table bit combinations. It utilizes 2N short N bit patterns as waveforms and jitter correlation from current bit pattern into adjacent bit patterns to get equivalent transient simulation of a very large bit pattern. The method utilizes the residual ISI from any current bit pattern to next successive bit pattern to account for ISI accurately. The statistical eye diagram generated with the above approach includes non-ideal channel characteristics, including inter-symbol interference (ISI), crosstalk (XTK) from nearby aggressor channels, and jitter through the channel.
机译：由于层数的增加导致印刷电路板（PCB）成本的增加，导致设计了具有宽边耦合信号的PCB叠层。相邻层中信号的宽边耦合还会导致串扰，有时可能很难对其进行建模和量化，就其对接收器眼图张开的影响而言。困难源于以下事实：在大多数电路板中，信号迹线之间以不同角度多次出现宽边耦合。快速建模所涉及的挑战包括为宽边耦合部分生成模型，而没有费时的全波仿真的开销。全波仿真需要大量的时间和内存，特别是对于成一定角度的耦合走线而言，实际的电路板设计可能会有数百个这样的角度。模拟挑战包括准确预测串扰对误码率（BER）的影响。重点是通过将整体几何形状分成小而独特的部分，并使用全波或快速等效单位长度（EQ。PUL）电阻，电感，电导，电容（RLGC）方法或一种方法来减轻建模挑战。跨角耦合的宽边耦合走线的局部元件等效电路（PEEC）。通过将模型无缝集成到统计仿真工具中，可以解决仿真难题，该工具能够量化BER处的眼图张开度，这将有助于电气设计人员确定高速背板通道设计中的串扰敏感区域。走线周围的介电介质不均匀，这会增加远端串扰（FEXT）和吞吐量（THRU），从而降低高速链路的信噪比。对于非均质介质中的宽边和边侧单端和差分耦合迹线，以不同的信号速度在指定的误码率（BER）下，FEXT串扰对睁眼的影响进行了研究，并将结果与​​同质介质模型进行了比较。针对设计人员，根据信号传输速度制定了一套有关材料，耦合长度和叠层参数选择的设计准则。此外，由于纤维编织效应，设计人员还被迫以Z字形的方式布线信号走线而不是直线。这种路由通常在受害者和侵略者之间是周期性的。周期性耦合路由在近端串扰（NEXT）中产生周期性共振，而由于Floquet模式，吞吐量（THRU）传递函数为零。由于周期性共振，串扰加剧，这降低了信噪比。本研究的主要目的是定量确定由于周期性路由引起的串扰的影响。另一个目标是帮助设计人员找出宽带耦合路由的“可做”和“不可做”，以提高信令速率。利用统计误码率（BER）分析为设计人员制定了一套基于布线角度，周期长度和信号传输速度的设计指南。提出了一种新的方法来生成捕获Tx驱动器抖动的BER轮廓。通过使用真值表位组合创建的独特波形，ISI可以准确地通过通道。它利用2N个短N个位模式作为波形以及从当前位模式到相邻位模式的抖动相关性，以对非常大的位模式进行等效的瞬态仿真。该方法利用从任何当前位模式到下一连续位模式的残余ISI来准确地解决ISI。用上述方法生成的统计眼图包括非理想信道特性，包括符号间干扰（ISI），来自附近攻击者信道的串扰（XTK）和通过信道的抖动。

著录项

  • 作者

    Chada, Arun Reddy.;

  • 作者单位

    Missouri University of Science and Technology.;

  • 授予单位 Missouri University of Science and Technology.;
  • 学科 Electrical engineering.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2014
  • 页码 156 p.
  • 总页数 156
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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