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Fertility, Education, and Couple Dynamics: Three Essays on Childbearing Behavior in the United States and Germany.

机译：生育力，教育和夫妻动态：美国和德国有关生育行为的三篇论文。

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摘要

This dissertation, generally speaking, engages with the empirical study of human fertility and investigates how first and second birth timing and childlessness at the end of women's fertile life span are related to educational attainment, labor market behavior, and gendered couple dynamics in the United States and Germany. Three separate article-style empirical chapters address two distinct research questions. The first question is concerned with the childbearing behavior of women with post-graduate education in the United States and asks whether their median ages at first birth, childlessness at age 40 and beyond, and labor force participation differ from those of women with college education 'only', and how these patterned changed over the birth cohorts 1921-1980 (chapter 1). The second, question aims at understanding how couple-level dynamics such relative socio-economic resources and the division of household labor relate to couples' first and second birth hazards. Two separate chapters investigate this latter question for Germany (chapter 2) and the United States (chapter 3).;The first chapter uses the pooled CPS June Fertility Files from 1971-2010. The findings show that women with postgraduate education delay the first birth significantly longer, and remain childless more often than college educated women without advanced training. Also, mothers with postgraduate education are more likely to be employed and work longer hours than mothers with college education 'only'. The chapter finds, however, no evidence for an 'opting-out' movement from the labor market for recent birth cohorts of either educational group. Overall, the results underscore the importance of distinguishing between women with college education and women with postgraduate education when examining their family formation and employment processes. The second chapter uses the German Socio-Economic Panel and examines how relative resources and the division of domestic and care work relate to first and second birth hazards of married and cohabiting couples in three German birth cohorts (1950-65, 1966-75, 1976-85). The results indicate significant effects of educational pairings on first and second birth hazards; in particular, highly educated homogamous couples have larger second birth hazards than couples with less education or than couples with a highly educated wife and a husband with less education (1966-75 cohort). Furthermore, no effects of relative earnings on birth hazards have been found. The findings also suggest change in the relationship between the division of domestic work and birth hazards over birth cohorts. An increase in his contribution to housework is associated with a higher transition rate to parenthood in the youngest birth cohort (1976-85) only, while it increases the second birth hazard in the middle cohort, albeit among East German couples only (1966-75). The third chapter uses the NLSY79 to investigate the relationship between relative socio-economic resources and birth hazards among married US couples. The data don't contain time use measures, which means that the division of housework could not been included. The models, however, control for gender role preferences of the wives. In this chapter, the analyses are set up in a competing risk framework, to allow for the competing risk of union dissolution. Similar to the results on Germany in chapter two, the findings show that relative education is significantly related to second birth hazards, with highly educated homogamous couples displaying higher second birth transition rates. Relative income and gendered work arrangements appear, in contrast, not to have any significant association with first or second birth hazards in this cohort of married US couples. The latter two chapters contribute new evidence to a young but growing literature that examines couple-level effects on fertility.
机译：总体而言，该论文涉及对人类生育力的实证研究，并研究了美国女性可生育寿命结束时的第一，第二胎的出生时机和无子女与美国的受教育程度，劳动力市场行为以及性别对夫妻关系如何相关。和德国。三个独立的文章风格的经验章节讨论了两个不同的研究问题。第一个问题与美国接受过研究生教育的妇女的生育行为有关，并询问她们的初生中位数年龄，40岁及以后的无子女年龄以及参加劳动力的人数是否与受过大学教育的女性不同？ ，以及这些模式在1921年至1980年的出生队列中发生了怎样的变化（第1章）。第二个问题旨在了解夫妻层面的动态，例如相对的社会经济资源和家庭劳动分工与夫妻的第一胎和第二胎的生育危险如何相关。两个单独的章节分别针对德国（第2章）和美国（第3章）研究了后一个问题。第一章使用了1971-2010年CPS六月生育力档案汇总。研究结果表明，受过研究生教育的妇女比未经高级培训的受过大学教育的妇女明显延迟了第一胎的生育时间，并且更经常没有生育。而且，受过研究生教育的母亲比受过“仅”大学教育的母亲更有可能被雇用并且工作时间更长。但是，本章没有证据表明任何一个教育集团的近期出生人群都从劳动力市场“退出”运动。总体而言，结果强调了在检查其家庭组成和就业过程时，区分受过大学教育的妇女和受过研究生教育的妇女的重要性。第二章使用德国社会经济专家小组，研究了三个德国出生队列（1950-65、1966-75、1976）中相对资源以及家庭和护理工作的分工与已婚夫妇和同居夫妇的第一胎和第二胎的危害之间的关系。 -85）。结果表明，教育配对对第一胎和第二胎的危害具有显着影响；尤其是，受过高等教育的同性伴侣比受过较低教育的夫妇或受过良好教育的妻子和受过教育的丈夫的夫妇（1966-75队列）有更大的第二胎危险。此外，还没有发现相对收入对出生危害的影响。研究结果还表明，在出生人群中，家庭工作分工与出生危险之间的关系发生了变化。他对家务劳动的贡献的增加仅与最年轻的出生队列（1976-85）中较高的父母过渡率相关，而增加了中队列的第二个生育风险，尽管仅在东德夫妇中（1966-75） ）。第三章使用NLSY79来研究美国已婚夫妇的相对社会经济资源与出生危险之间的关系。数据不包含时间使用度量，这意味着不能包括家务劳动。但是，这些模型控制着妻子的性别角色偏好。在本章中，将在竞争风险框架中进行分析，以考虑工会解散的竞争风险。与第二章中的德国结果相似，研究结果表明，相对教育与第二胎危害显着相关，受过高等教育的同性伴侣显示出更高的第二胎过渡率。相反，在这对美国已婚夫妇中，相对收入和性别工作安排似乎与第一胎或第二胎的危害没有显着关联。后两章为研究夫妇水平对生育率影响的年轻但正在增长的文献提供了新的证据。

著录项

  • 作者

    Nitsche, Natalie.;

  • 作者单位

    Yale University.;

  • 授予单位 Yale University.;
  • 学科 Sociology General.;Sociology Demography.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2014
  • 页码 161 p.
  • 总页数 161
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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