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Towards Achieving Clean Water Goals: An Evaluation of California's Mandatory Minimum Penalty Enforcement Program.

机译：朝着实现清洁水目标迈进：对加利福尼亚州强制性最低刑罚执行计划的评估。

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摘要

An effective environmental regulatory policy requires an effective monitoring and enforcement strategy implemented by the regulatory agency. To achieve effective deterrence to prevent or reduce violations of environmental regulations, enforcement actions must have severity, and violation costs must be greater than the economic benefits realized by violators. Effective deterrence also requires certainty that violations will be detected and sanctioned and that enforcement actions will be taken swiftly. Environmental monetary penalties may take into consideration factors such as the degree of environmental damage, frequency of violations, and the culpability of the violator. Mandatory minimum penalties (MMPs) are a form of monetary penalties that require regulatory agencies to issue a set fixed dollar amount per violation, often through expedited administrative procedures; thus increasing certainty and celerity of enforcement actions but at the same time removing discretion from regulatory agencies to tailor the penalty amount to the violation. In California starting in 2000, an MMP of ;Three investigations were conducted to evaluate California's MMP enforcement program to quantitatively estimate its impact on the number of NPDES effluent limitation violations and on improvements in water quality. Data from the 2000-2011 NPDES and MMP enforcement program record were analyzed using linear regression models. Results suggest that the MMP enforcement program has resulted in modest decreases in the number of violations across the state and in measurable improvements in effluent quality discharged to San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta; however improvements in receiving water quality may not be observable due to other pollution inputs and fate and transport processes. The results suggest that mandatory penalties are effective in promoting compliance and achieving reductions in pollution and that the effects are due to both facility-specific effects as well as enhancement of the regulatory agency's enforcement reputation. However, because violations continue despite the MMP enforcement program, the results may also suggest that the MMP enforcement program could be optimized to achieve larger effects.
机译：有效的环境监管政策需要监管机构实施有效的监控和执行策略。为了达到有效的威慑力，以防止或减少对环境法规的违反，执法行动必须严厉，违法成本必须大于违法者实现的经济利益。有效的威慑还要求确定将检测到违规行为并予以制裁，并迅速采取执法行动。罚款可能会考虑环境因素，例如环境破坏的程度，违规的频率以及违规者的责任。强制性最低罚款（MMP）是一种货币罚款，要求监管机构通常通过加急的行政程序对每次违规行为发布固定的美元金额；因此，提高了执法行动的确定性和透明度，但同时取消了监管机构的酌处权，以针对违规行为量身定制罚款。从2000年开始，加利福尼亚的MMP进行了三项调查，以评估加利福尼亚的MMP实施计划，以定量评估其对违反NPDES排放限制和改善水质的影响。使用线性回归模型分析了2000-2011年NPDES和MMP执行计划记录中的数据。结果表明，MMP执法计划已导致全州违规数量有所减少，并且排放到旧金山湾和萨克拉曼多-圣华金河三角洲的污水质量显着提高；但是，由于其他污染输入以及命运和运输过程，收水质量可能无法观察到。结果表明，强制性处罚有效地促进了法规遵从并实现了污染的减少，其效果既归因于特定于设施的效果，也归因于监管机构执法声誉的提高。但是，由于尽管采取了MMP实施计划，但违规行为仍在继续，因此结果还可能表明，可以对MMP实施计划进行优化以取得更大的效果。

著录项

  • 作者

    Vasquez, Victor Rigor.;

  • 作者单位

    University of California, Los Angeles.;

  • 授予单位 University of California, Los Angeles.;
  • 学科 Economics Environmental.;Water Resource Management.;Sociology Public and Social Welfare.;Engineering Environmental.
  • 学位 D.Env.
  • 年度 2014
  • 页码 202 p.
  • 总页数 202
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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