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Understanding the context of knowledge and values in natural resources decision-making: A case study of Parks Canada's Recreational Activities Assessment Framework.

机译：了解自然资源决策中的知识和价值背景：加拿大公园娱乐活动评估框架的案例研究。

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The range of natural, societal and nature-human interactions of contemporary environmental management, especially for parks and protected areas, is seemingly infinite and is continually changing in scope and complexity. Although natural processes are a significant consideration toward environmental management, the field is wrought with social issues and value-based decisions being made. The development of a new Recreational Activities Assessment Framework (RAAF) by Parks Canada provided a unique opportunity to examine a formal planning process in the field of protected areas management with a working group comprised of a diverse group of agency, academic and non-governmental participants.;The exploration of differing knowledge claims within the decision-making process is presented in order to explore the role of expertise and the importance of the knowledge discourse between expert knowledge and lay knowledge.;The valuation of parks and protected areas further acknowledges that the desired outcomes of management decisions are essentially subjective in nature. Recognizing this understanding, it may be proposed that there is a variety of values that go into making such subjective determinations and that they may be generalized into two categories: non-preference-related values and preference-related values. These values help us to shape what we want and expect parks and protected areas to be and to provide.;The new RAAF is considered a tool to augment existing park and protected area management and systems planning processes. The principles of the framework are built on the premise that there will be a level of consistency across the system of parks and protected areas yet decisions are relevant to the local conditions and settings.

机译：当代环境管理（尤其是公园和保护区）的自然，社会和自然与人的互动范围似乎是无限的，而且范围和复杂性也在不断变化。尽管自然过程是环境管理的重要考虑因素，但在该领域却充满了社会问题和基于价值的决策。加拿大公园制定了新的娱乐活动评估框架（RAAF），提供了独特的机会来审查保护区管理领域的正式规划过程，该工作组由机构，学术和非政府参与者组成的不同小组组成提出了在决策过程中对不同知识主张的探索，以探索专业知识的作用以及专家知识与非专业知识之间的知识对话的重要性。对公园和保护区的评估进一步认识到，管理决策的预期结果本质上是主观的。认识到这种理解，可以建议做出这样的主观决定会涉及多种价值，并且可以将它们概括为两类：非偏好相关的价值和偏好相关的价值。这些价值有助于我们塑造我们想要和期望的公园和保护区的现状和提供的内容。新的RAAF被认为是增强现有公园和保护区管理及系统规划过程的工具。该框架的原则是建立在公园和保护区系统之间具有一定程度的一致性的前提下，而决策与当地条件和环境有关。

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作者
Young, Joey.;
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Lakehead University (Canada).;

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授予单位 Lakehead University (Canada).;
学科 Environmental Studies.
学位 M.E.S.
年度 2009
页码 186 p.
总页数 186
原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
中图分类
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7. : "This paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying.The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona.This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods.In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out." [O] . Gibaja Bao, Juan Francisco, Mazzucco, Niccolo 2015

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Understanding the context of knowledge and values in natural resources decision-making: A case study of Parks Canada's Recreational Activities Assessment Framework.

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