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Anglo-American Networks and the Early Academic Profession, 1815 - 1861.

机译：英美网络和早期学术职业，1815-1861年。

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摘要

This project argues that the modern Anglophone academic community, and the British and American academic professions, developed between the War of 1812 and the American Civil War in 1861. Historians often overlook this early Anglo-American community of scholars, as it was built upon the interactions of individuals, not institutions. American and British universities did not establish institutional links until the end of the century, when degrees and international affiliations became more standardized. Individual British and American scholars, however, were already corresponding, collaborating, and teaching at the same universities early in the century. These connections, and similar education reform movements in each country, created a core of professional attributes that British and American scholars shared. By the middle of the nineteenth century, interconnected academic communities were forming in British and American universities. At the end of the century, an Anglophone academic community had been established, extending even into the settler colonies of the British Empire. This project concludes that the roots of the modern academic profession are based on the efforts of individual scholars, whose interactions mark the origins of our transatlantic academic community.;The origins of the academic profession are found within the eighteenth-century republic of letters, from which it inherited its emphasis on publication and international scholarly exchange. To this traditional were added new values of middle class professionalism, public service as intellectuals, and a belief that institutionalized certification was a prerequisite for authority and social status. Combining these values, a new "professional scholar" emerged during the nineteenth century. Professional scholars in the United States and Britain came to be defined by four general characteristics: First, scholars were expected to publish scholarly materials. Second, they held university or college teaching positions, which became their primary source of income. Third, they expected full university membership, which would entitle them to a voice in university governance and policy. Finally, they were expected to serve as public intellectuals and authorities in their fields of specialization. In addition to distinguishing them from the "gentleman scholars" of the previous century, these shared professional values facilitated transatlantic interactions between British and American scholars.;This transatlantic dimension was significant in shaping the resulting academic profession. It created a system in which transnational exchange was a professional commodity, used to demonstrate a scholar's authority, success, and social standing. Establishing interpersonal networks based upon a set of shared professional values, these scholars developed a system of intellectual exchange unique to the first half of the nineteenth century. In the eighteenth-century republic of letters, the intended audience for scholarly publication was a narrow and closed elite. The intended audiences of the professional scholars, by contrast, included middle class readers. Unlike transnational exchanges at the end of the century, which were based upon institutional links, the nineteenth-century academic community based upon by individual connections. Scholars communicated and collaborated with transatlantic counterparts to demonstrate their professional authority, but they did so without institutional assistance.;The network of personal connections they established would ultimately lead to the Anglo-American academic profession, but the actual conceptualization of their community was a distinctive feature of the early nineteenth century. At a broader level, the transatlantic activities of early professional scholars demonstrate the changing shape of Anglo-American intellectual exchange during the nineteenth century. Though Americans are viewed as unequal partners in early academic and intellectual exchanges, their status and influence within the partnership grew as the century progressed. Even after two centuries of change, the early nineteenth-century characteristics of the profession remain at the core of the Anglo-American and Anglophone academic communities. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).
机译：该项目认为，现代英语学术界以及英美学术界在1812年战争至1861年美国内战之间发展起来。历史学家常常忽视了这个早期的英美学者社区，因为它建立在个人而非机构的互动。直到本世纪末，学位和国际关系变得更加规范，美国和英国的大学才建立了机构联系。然而，本世纪初，英美两国的个别学者已经在同一所大学中进行过交流，合作和教学。这些联系以及每个国家的类似教育改革运动，创造了英美学者共同分享的专业特质的核心。到19世纪中叶，英美大学之间形成了相互联系的学术团体。在本世纪末，建立了英语学术团体，甚至扩展到大英帝国的殖民地殖民地。该项目的结论是，现代学术职业的根源在于个别学者的努力，这些学者的互动标志着我们跨大西洋学术界的起源。;该学术职业的起源可追溯到18世纪的字母共和国。它继承了对出版和国际学术交流的重视。在这种传统中，还增加了中产阶级专业精神，作为知识分子的公共服务的新价值，以及相信制度化认证是权威和社会地位的前提。结合这些价值观，在19世纪出现了一个新的“专业学者”。美国和英国的专业学者被定义为四个总体特征：首先，期望学者发表学术材料。第二，他们担任大学或学院的教学职位，这成为他们的主要收入来源。第三，他们期望大学拥有正式会员资格，这将使他们有资格在大学管理和政策方面发表意见。最后，他们有望在其专业领域中担任公共知识分子和权威。这些共同的专业价值观除了将他们与上个世纪的“绅士学者”区分开来之外，还促进了英美学者之间的跨大西洋互动。；这种跨大西洋的维度对于塑造由此产生的学术职业具有重要意义。它创建了一个系统，在该系统中，跨国交流是一种专业商品，用于证明学者的权威，成功和社会地位。这些学者建立了一套基于共同的专业价值观的人际关系网络，从而发展了19世纪上半叶独有的知识交流体系。在18世纪的字母共和国中，学术出版的目标读者是狭窄而封闭的精英。相比之下，专业学者的目标读者包括中产阶级读者。与本世纪末基于制度联系的跨国交流不同，十九世纪的学术团体是以个人联系为基础的。学者与跨大西洋的同行进行交流和合作以展示其专业权威，但他们这样做是在没有机构协助的情况下进行的。他们建立的人际关系网络最终将导致英美学术界的发展，但是其社区的实际概念化是一个与众不同的十九世纪初的特色。在更广泛的层面上，早期专业学者的跨大西洋活动表明了19世纪英美知识交流的变化形式。尽管美国人在早期的学术和知识交流中被视为不平等的伙伴，但随着世纪的发展，他们在伙伴关系中的地位和影响力也在不断增长。即使经过两个世纪的变革，该职业的19世纪早期特征仍然是英美和英裔学术界的核心。 （摘要由UMI缩短。）。

著录项

  • 作者

    Mikulski, Richard Michael.;

  • 作者单位

    State University of New York at Buffalo.;

  • 授予单位 State University of New York at Buffalo.;
  • 学科 History European.;History United States.;Education History of.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2014
  • 页码 336 p.
  • 总页数 336
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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