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Determining anthropogenic and natural controls on the global mercury cycle using lake sediment and ice cores.

机译:使用湖泊沉积物和冰芯确定全球汞循环的人为和自然控制。

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摘要

While anthropogenic emissions of the toxic element mercury (Hg) to the atmosphere are currently rising, major uncertainties remain in determining the relative impacts of anthropogenic activity and natural processes on the global Hg cycle. In this dissertation, I develop and interpret records of atmospheric Hg deposition from lake sediments and glacial ice in order to determine the anthropogenic and natural controls on atmospheric Hg deposition during the Holocene. These records consist of four ∼400-year lake sediment records from southeastern Peru, a ∼12,300-year lake sediment record also from southeastern Peru, and a 600-year glacial ice record from Mt. Logan, Yukon Territory, Canada. Moving forward in time within these records, atmospheric Hg deposition was remarkably constant during the pre-anthropogenic period (12.3 to 3.5 ka) and did not respond to local changes in temperature and precipitation. Volcanic signals are absent from all of the records in this dissertation despite large volcanic events that occurred regionally proximal to some of the study sites. The influence of anthropogenic activity on atmospheric Hg deposition in the lake Yanacocha in southeastern Peru began in ∼1200 B.C., likely due to the local transport of pre-Incan mining dust that continued for nearly a millennium. Hg emissions derived from Incan and colonial mining from A.D. 1400 to 1820 were likely not transported globally, evidenced by background-level Hg fluxes registered during this time in the lake sediment cores from southeastern Peru and in the Mt. Logan ice core. All of the records register a secular rise in atmospheric Hg deposition beginning in ∼A.D. 1850 and lasting until the most recent archive material (A.D. 1998 to 2011). The only record to exhibit a peak in Hg fluxes during the "Gold Rush" between A.D. 1860 and 1920 is the Mt. Logan ice core. More recent emissions from artisanal and small-scale gold mining are not apparent in the Hg records from lakes in southeastern Peru, located ∼100 km down-wind of the largest such mining center in Peru. An overall three-fold increase of Hg fluxes since pre-anthropogenic time supports previous Hg records and counters emissions estimates that are currently used in global Hg models.
机译:虽然目前人为大气中的有毒元素汞(Hg)的人为排放量正在上升,但在确定人为活动和自然过程对全球汞循环的相对影响时,仍存在重大不确定性。在这篇论文中,我开发并解释了湖泊沉积物和冰川冰中大气汞沉积的记录,以便确定全新世期间大气汞沉积的人为和自然控制。这些记录包括秘鲁东南部的四个〜400年的湖泊沉积物记录,秘鲁东南部的一个〜12300年的湖泊沉积物记录以及芒特山的一个600年的冰川冰记录。加拿大育空地区洛根。在这些记录中,随着时间的推移,在人类活动前的这段时间内(12.3至3.5 ka),大气中的汞沉积非常稳定,并且对温度和降水的局部变化没有响应。尽管在某些研究地点附近发生了大的火山事件,但本论文的所有记录都没有火山信号。人为活动对秘鲁东南部Yanacocha湖中大气Hg沉积的影响始于公元前1200年左右,这可能是由于印加前采矿尘土在当地的运输持续了近一千年。从印加和殖民地采矿(公元1400年至1820年)产生的汞排放可能不会在全球范围内传输,这在这段时间内记录在秘鲁东南部和墨西哥山的湖泊沉积物芯中的背景水平汞通量得以证明。洛根冰芯。所有记录都记录了从公元前开始的大气汞沉积的长期上升。 1850年,一直持续到最新的档案资料为止(从公元1998年到2011年)。在公元1860年至1920年的“淘金热”期间,唯一出现汞通量峰值的记录是Mt. Mg。洛根冰芯。在秘鲁东南部(距离秘鲁最大的此类采矿中心约100公里处)的湖泊的汞记录中,从手工和小规模金矿开采获得的最新排放并不明显。自人为发生前的时间以来,汞通量总体增加了三倍,这支持了以前的汞记录,并抵消了全球汞模型中当前使用的排放估算值。

著录项

  • 作者

    Beal, Samuel Adams, Jr.;

  • 作者单位

    Dartmouth College.;

  • 授予单位 Dartmouth College.;
  • 学科 Geochemistry.;Sedimentary geology.;Environmental geology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2014
  • 页码 157 p.
  • 总页数 157
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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