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Molecular geochemistry applied to petroleum systems (North Slope, Alaska) and environmental (oils spills) studies.

机译：分子地球化学应用于石油系统（阿拉斯加的北坡）和环境（溢油）研究。

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摘要

A petroleum system can be classified only as speculative (?) or hypothetical (.) by geological and/or geophysical inference. Geochemical correlation is needed for a petroleum system to be termed known (!). To better define the petroleum systems on the North Slope of Alaska, the oil cracking, mixing, and correlation studies were accomplished by biomarkers and diamondoids in Chapter One of this dissertation.;Biomarkers are complex molecular fossils derived from biochemicals, particularly lipids, in once-living organisms. Biomarkers can provide information on the age, source rock lithology, the organic matter in the source rock, environmental conditions during its deposition and burial, the thermal maturity experienced by rock and oil, and the degree of oil biodegradation. Because biomarkers can be measured in both oils and source rock extracts, the distributions of biomarkers can be used to correlate oil and oil or oil and source rock.;Diamondoids are small, thermally stable, cage-like hydrocarbons in petroleum. Due to high thermal stability, diamondoids resist oil cracking and become more concentrated, while biomarkers crack and decrease in concentration. Therefore, the extent of oil cracking can be investigated by comparing both diamondoid and biomarker concentrations. Furthermore, mixtures of high- and low-maturity oil can be identified when concentrations of both biomarkers and diamondoids are high. The compound-specific isotope analysis of diamondoids (CSIAD) analyses were used to correlate the high-maturity components, while biomarkers, especially those providing information on the age of the source rock, were used to correlate the lower-maturity components.;Forty-one crude oil samples from the North Slope of Alaska have variable diamondoid and biomarker concentrations, which indicate different extents of oil cracking. Some of the samples are mixtures of high- and low-maturity components because they contain high concentrations of both diamondoids and biomarkers.;The North Slope oils in this study were grouped according to their related source rock formations into Triassic Shublik Formation, Jurassic Kingak Shale, Lower Cretaceous pebble shale and Hue/GRZ, and Tertiary Canning Formation. Two Lisburne-designated oils were determined to be generated from Shublik source rock in this study. Four oil samples collected from wells located to the North of the Barrow Arch show unique biomarker characteristics, but biomarker parameters indicate that they were generated from a clay-rich equivalent of the calcareous Shublik Formation from North of the Barrow Arch.;Molecular geochemistry was also applied to environmental studies (e.g., oil spills in the open ocean). Petroleum enters the ocean from both natural oil seeps and oil spills every year. The fate of spilled oil in the ocean and the biodegradation rate of oil were investigated through molecular geochemistry, including biomarkers and non-biomarkers.;In Chapter Two, oil biodegradation in the open ocean was simulated in the laboratory. Chemostats were newly invented and fabricated to incorporate features that could simulate open ocean conditions for refreshing water, agitation, temperature and other factors. Oil compositional changes were observed by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Gas Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) helped to detect changes in the biomarkers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the oil.;The work in Chapter Two summarized the various factors influencing biodegradation of oil after it was spilled into the marine environment. Significant factors controlling oil compositional changes include (1) air flow, (2) oil amount, (3) stirring rate, (4) bacterial compositions in the seawater itself, (5) temperature, and (6) nutrients. Some other factors, such as seawater flow rate and water-washing of the oil, do not exhibit important effects on oil biodegradation rates. The mean halftimes of selected hydrocarbon compounds in the oil were estimated by equations derived from the measured compositional changes. Phylogenetic and qPCR studies helped to identify which bacteria in the seawater play important roles in the biodegradation of oil components (n-alkanes, isoprenoids, and the UCM). Some genera of microorganisms were more effective in degrading different fractions of oil. Alcanivorax and Legionella were proven to play important roles in biodegradation of n-alkanes and isoprenoids. Organisms in the genera Oceanobacter kriegii/Thalassolituus oleivorans could also be alkane-degraders.
机译：根据地质和/或地球物理推断，石油系统只能分类为推测性（？）或假设性（。）。将石油系统称为已知（！）需要地球化学相关性。为了更好地界定阿拉斯加北坡的石油系统，在本论文的第一章中，通过生物标记物和类金刚石来完成油的裂解，混合和相关性研究。生物标记物是一次从生化物质，特别是脂质衍生出来的复杂分子化石。 -生物体。生物标记物可以提供有关年龄，烃源岩的岩性，烃源岩中的有机物，其沉积和埋葬期间的环境条件，岩石和石油经历的热成熟度以及石油生物降解程度的信息。因为可以在油和烃源岩提取物中测量生物标志物，所以可以使用生物标志物的分布来关联油和油或油与烃源岩。菱形化合物是石油中小的，热稳定的笼状烃。由于具有高的热稳定性，类金刚石可以抵抗油裂并变得更加集中，而生物标记物会破裂并降低浓度。因此，可以通过比较类金刚石和生物标记物的浓度来研究油裂的程度。此外，当生物标志物和类金刚石的浓度都很高时，可以鉴定出高和低饱和度油的混合物。类固醇类化合物的化合物特异性同位素分析（CSIAD）用于关联高成熟度成分，而生物标记物，尤其是提供有关烃源岩年龄信息的生物标记物，则用于关联低饱和度成分。来自阿拉斯加北坡的1个原油样品具有不同的类金刚石和生物标记浓度，表明不同程度的油裂。一些样品是高和低成熟度组分的混合物，因为它们包含高浓度的类金刚石和生物标志物。本研究中的北坡油根据其相关的烃源岩层被分为三叠纪Shublik组，侏罗纪Kingak页岩，下白垩统卵石页岩和Hue / GRZ以及第三级罐头组。在这项研究中，确定从Shublik烃源岩中产生两种Lisburne指定的油。从巴罗拱北侧的井中采集的四个油样具有独特的生物标志物特征，但生物标志物参数表明它们是从富含黏土的巴罗拱北部钙质Shublik地层中产生的。分子地球化学也是应用于环境研究（例如，公海中的石油泄漏）。每年，石油都是通过天然油渗漏和溢油进入海洋的。通过分子地球化学研究了海洋溢油的命运和生物降解率，包括生物标志物和非生物标志物。第二章，在实验室模拟了海洋中石油的生物降解。 Chemostats是新发明和制造的，具有可以模拟公海条件以刷新水，搅动，温度和其他因素的功能。通过气相色谱结合火焰离子化检测（GC-FID）观察到油的成分变化。气相色谱与质谱联用（GC-MS）有助于检测石油中生物标志物和多环芳烃（PAHs）的变化。第二章的工作总结了影响石油泄漏到海洋中后生物降解的各种因素。环境。控制油成分变化的重要因素包括（1）空气流量，（2）油量，（3）搅拌速度，（4）海水本身中的细菌成分，（5）温度和（6）营养成分。其他一些因素，例如海水流速和油的水洗，对油的生物降解率没有重要影响。通过从测得的组成变化得出的方程式估算油中所选烃类化合物的平均半衰期。系统发育和qPCR研究有助于确定海水中的哪些细菌在石油成分（正构烷烃，类异戊二烯和UCM）的生物降解中起重要作用。某些属的微生物在降解不同馏分的油中更有效。事实证明，Alcanivorax和军团菌在正构烷烃和类异戊二烯的生物降解中起重要作用。 Kriegii / Tholassolituus oleivorans属中的生物也可能是烷烃降解剂。

著录项

  • 作者

    Wang, Ye.;

  • 作者单位

    Stanford University.;

  • 授予单位 Stanford University.;
  • 学科 Engineering Petroleum.;Geochemistry.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2009
  • 页码 293 p.
  • 总页数 293
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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