首页>
外文学位
>Evolution, Ecology, and Disparities: Constructing Stature, Immune Functioning, and Reproduction in Brazilian Quilombo, and United States, Women
【24h】
Evolution, Ecology, and Disparities: Constructing Stature, Immune Functioning, and Reproduction in Brazilian Quilombo, and United States, Women
The purpose of this dissertation is to test how growth, reproduction, and immune functioning interact in two populations of adult women residing in vastly different socio-economic and ecological environments, the Kalunga quilombo in Brazil, and the United States of America. The presence of life history trade-offs was tested to determine how the different envirnonments, and socio-ecological contexts of the populations were creating differential risks for health and reproductive outcomes, and life history trade-offs.;I hypothesized that the Kalunga people, living in very difficult and harsh conditions, would experience greater amounts of, and more severe, life history trade-offs than the U.S. women. I also hypothesized that in both populations, syndemic interactions between health outcomes, and the larger macro-social conditions, would influence stature, immune functioning, and reproduction. Additionally, these syndemic interactions would perpetuate poor health and reproductive outcomes within the entire Kalunga population, and portions of the U.S. population.;I collaborated with the University of Brasilia to collect data adult women from in the Kalunga quilombo in Goias State, Brazil (n=38) via semi-structured interviews in 2016. In addition, these data were compiled with reproductive, demographic, anthropometric, biological, and socio-economic data collected from adult Kalunga women in 2015 by the University of Brasilia's Department of Genetics and Morphology. Demographic, anthropometric, biological, and socio-economic data recorded in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006 from adult U.S. women was also analyzed. Life history traits were measured through stature (cm), Immunoglobulin E (IgE; kU/l), and reproductive variables (fertility, and reproductive ages) for both populations.;My results demonstrated that life history trade-offs impact diverse populations. I found evidence to support life history trade-offs occurred between stature and fertility, and stature and reproductive ages, in both populations. However, my results also indicated that the socio-economic, and ecological, conditions of both populations heavily influenced stature and reproduction in the women. Life history trade-offs were not observable between immune functioning and fertility in the Kalunga population, and not readily evident in the U.S. sample. The positive associations between IgE and fertility in the U.S. women indicate that while life history trade-offs may be suggested, other biocultural variables including: low income, ethnicity, education, and body size, are stronger influences on immune functioning, and fertility, in the U.S. women.;Though the Kalunga women had a history of infectious and parasitic diseases, and lived in conditions of poor sanitation and poverty, they had multiple ways of mitigating the stresses of their everyday life. The shared socio-ecological conditions of their community decreased the deprivations they experienced, reduced the disabilities they felt from their health statuses, and was reflected in relative homogeneity of their lived experience. In contrast, the U.S. population was dictated by disparities. Poor health and reproductive outcomes were concentrated disproportionately in low-income, less educated, and/or minority ethnicity status, women.;The findings of this dissertation have important implications for applied anthropology and the study of life history theory. My results demonstrate that Western lifestyles must be considered as instigators of life history trade-offs, and life history scholarship in humans must also focus on populations living in these conditions. Additionally, the secular changes resulting in lowered ages of menarche in U.S. women could lead to future poor health outcomes. As the Kalunga transitions into a more Western lifestyle, they are at risk for disparities within their population. It is imperative for applied anthropologists to be engaged in addressing the immune, nutritional, and psychosocial stressors within populations that perpetuate disparities, and instigate and/or exacerbate life history trade-offs.
展开▼
机译：本文的目的是测试居住在截然不同的社会经济和生态环境的两个成年女性群体（巴西的卡伦加·基伦博）和美利坚合众国的生长，繁殖和免疫功能如何相互作用。测试了生活史权衡的存在，以确定不同环境，人群的社会生态环境如何对健康和生殖结果以及生活史权衡产生不同的风险。我假设卡隆加人生活在非常困难和严酷的条件下，与美国妇女相比，生活经历的折衷会更多，也更加严峻。我还假设，在这两个人群中，健康结果与更大的宏观社会状况之间的同质互动将影响身材，免疫功能和生殖。此外，这些疾病之间的相互作用将使整个卡伦加（Kalunga）人口以及美国部分人口的健康状况和生殖结果永久恶化。 = 38）在2016年通过半结构化访谈。此外，这些数据还结合了巴西利亚大学遗传与形态学系2015年从成年卡伦加妇女那里收集的生殖，人口，人体测量，生物学和社会经济数据进行汇总。还分析了2005-2006年美国国家健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）中记录的来自美国成年女性的人口，人体测量，生物学和社会经济数据。通过身高（cm），免疫球蛋白E（IgE; kU / l）和两个种群的生殖变量（生育力和生殖年龄）来衡量生活史特征。我的结果表明，生活史的取舍会影响不同的人群。我发现有证据支持两种人群在身高与生育力，身高与生殖年龄之间进行生活史权衡。但是，我的结果还表明，这两种人群的社会经济和生态状况严重影响了妇女的身材和生殖能力。在Kalunga人群中，免疫功能和生育能力之间无法观察到生命史的取舍，在美国的样本中也不容易看出。在美国女性中，IgE与生育力之间的正相关关系表明，尽管可能会建议进行生活史权衡，但其他生物文化变量包括：低收入，种族，文化程度和体型，对免疫功能和生育力的影响更大。尽管这些卡伦加妇女有传染病和寄生虫病的历史，并且生活在卫生条件差和贫穷的条件下，但她们有多种减轻其生活压力的方法。他们社区共同的社会生态条件减少了他们遭受的剥夺，减少了他们因健康状况而感到的残疾，这反映在他们生活经历的相对同质性上。相反，美国人口是由差距决定的。不良的健康状况和生殖结果不成比例地集中在低收入，受教育程度低和/或少数民族地位的妇女中。；本论文的发现对应用人类学和生活史理论的研究具有重要意义。我的结果表明，必须将西方生活方式视为生活史权衡的倡导者，人类的生活史奖学金也必须关注生活在这些条件下的人群。此外，长期变化导致美国女性初潮年龄降低，可能会导致未来健康状况恶化。随着卡伦加（Kalunga）向更西方的生活方式过渡，他们面临着人口内部差异的风险。应用人类学家必须致力于解决人群中的免疫，营养和社会心理压力源，这些压力会使差异长期存在，并激发和/或加剧生活史的取舍。
展开▼
