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首页> 外文学位 >Characterization of Section 404 permit mitigation plans, coastal margin and associated watersheds, upper Texas coast.
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Characterization of Section 404 permit mitigation plans, coastal margin and associated watersheds, upper Texas coast.

机译：404节许可的特征是缓解计划，沿海边缘和相关的分水岭，得克萨斯州上海岸。

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A predicted loss of agricultural rice-wetlands and increasing urbanization and development threatens the remaining freshwater wetlands along the upper Texas coast. To avoid, minimize, and mitigate wetland loss, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) is directed to enforce Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (1975 amendment) by administering permits for development. Furthermore, a 1990 Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between the Corps and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed a national goal of no net wetland loss (NNL). My goals were to identify the frequency of occurrence of freshwater wetland loss due to dredge or fill, assess final plans to mitigate wetland loss, and verify the persistence of the created compensatory wetlands. I created a database of 96 individual, Section 404 permits issued from 1981 to 2001 in the counties of Chambers, Hardin, Jefferson, Liberty, Montgomery, Orange, and San Jacinto (Galveston District Office, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). Descriptive statistics were calculated for permit characteristics in relation to issue date (pre- or post-NNL). Public comments received from national and state agencies were rank ordered against mitigation plan type to determine Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Coefficient. Visual identification (via site visits and 1996 aerial photos) was used to validate compensatory wetland persistence. Shoreline protection of private property and oil and gas drilling (64% of permit applicants and 59% of impacts) had the greatest effect on wetland loss in the region, particularly Chambers, Jefferson, and Montgomery counties. Overall, 79.3 ha of freshwater wetlands were gained; however, gain was overestimated due to large projects for habitat enhancement. Permits issued post-NNL were more likely to have formal mitigation plans (58% vs. 13% pre-NNL) and allowed no net wetland loss. Although agency comments recommending more formal mitigation plans increased after NNL, only a weak positive correlation was detected (Spearman's r ≤ 0.4). Six of seven created wetlands remained in existence through 2006 though they are freshwater ponds replacing more diverse aquatic systems. I recommend the development of a comprehensive method to track wetland loss, mitigation, and changes in watersheds over time.
机译：预计农业水稻湿地的减少以及城市化和发展的加剧将威胁得克萨斯州上游沿海的其余淡水湿地。为了避免，减少和减轻湿地流失，美国陆军工程兵团（Corps）被要求通过管理开发许可来执行《清洁水法》（1975年修正案）的404节。此外，兵团与美国环境保护署（EPA）之间的1990年的协议备忘录（MOA）提出了无湿地净损失（NNL）的国家目标。我的目标是确定由于疏edge或填土导致淡水湿地流失的发生频率，评估减轻湿地流失的最终计划，并验证所建立的补偿性湿地的持久性。我创建了一个数据库，其中包含1981年至2001年在钱伯斯，哈丁，杰斐逊，自由，蒙哥马利，奥兰治和圣哈辛托县（美国陆军工程兵部队加尔维斯顿民政厅）的96个个人的404节许可。计算与发放日期（NNL之前或之后）有关的许可特征的描述性统计数据。根据缓解计划类型对从国家和州机构收到的公共意见进行排名，以确定Spearman的排名顺序相关系数。视觉识别（通过实地考察和1996年的航拍照片）用于验证补偿性湿地的持久性。海岸线对私人财产和油气钻探的保护（64％的许可申请者和59％的影响）对该地区的湿地流失影响最大，特别是钱伯斯，杰斐逊和蒙哥马利县。总体而言，获得了79.3公顷的淡水湿地；但是，由于大型的生境改善项目，收益被高估了。在自然保护区后签发的许可证更有可能制定正式的缓解计划（自然保护区之前为58％，而非自然保护区前为13％），并且不允许湿地净损失。尽管机构评论建议在NNL之后增加更正式的缓解计划，但仅发现了弱的正相关性（Spearman的r≤0.4）。到2006年，七个人工湿地中的六个仍然存在，尽管它们是淡水池塘，取代了更多种类的水生系统。我建议开发一种全面的方法来跟踪湿地的丧失，缓解和流域随时间的变化。

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