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Behavior of Magellanic penguins at sea.

机译：麦哲伦企鹅在海上的行为。

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摘要

Penguins are tied to the land to breed but called to the sea for food. Central-place foraging theory describes the coarse pattern of behaviors during their trips to sea; foraging behavior should dominate in a feeding area at the outer portion of the trip and transit behavior should occur between the breeding colony and the feeding area. As humans modify the marine environment through fishing, pollution, and climate change, understanding the behavior and spatial ecology of highly mobile predators like seabirds becomes increasingly urgent. Telemetry allows researchers to track the movements of these predators in their marine environment, but fine-scale behaviors must be inferred from movement tracks to estimate energy budgets, identify important foraging areas, and understand conflicts with human activities.;The first chapter develops a mathematical model to independently assign fine-scale foraging and transit behaviors to movements in tracking data, and compares two methods of obtaining behavioral profiles for Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) breeding in Argentina. One set of profiles (MLE) was estimated along with switching rate parameters using maximum likelihood techniques. The other set of profiles (CPF) was extracted from a separate dataset, coarsely divided into templates for transit and foraging behaviors according to central-place foraging theory. Model assignments using CPF profiles identified behaviors of ecological interest with higher accuracy than model assignments using the MLE profiles.;The second chapter explains the CPF profiles and applies them in the mathematical model to extract fine-scale behavior patterns. Results confirmed that penguins generally forage when furthest from the breeding colony, but also found foraging behavior when penguins were traveling to and from the foraging area, as well as transit behavior in the assumed foraging area. Relative proportions of foraging and transit behavior and the degree of deviation from coarse behavioral predictions differed between stages of the breeding season.;The third chapter reports tracking of Magellanic penguins during their winter migration from a colony in the Pacific Ocean. The transit behavior observed in breeding penguins was not observed. Penguin wintering areas overlap with human fisheries, where penguins may face competition for prey species and incidental catch in fishing gear.
机译：企鹅被绑在土地上繁殖，但被召唤到大海里觅食。中心地觅食理论描述了他们出海旅行时行为的粗略模式。觅食行为应在旅行的外部觅食区占主导地位，而繁殖行为应发生在繁殖群体和觅食区之间。随着人类通过捕鱼，污染和气候变化来改变海洋环境，了解高度移动的捕食者（如海鸟）的行为和空间生态变得越来越紧迫。遥测技术使研究人员能够追踪这些捕食者在海洋环境中的运动，但是必须从运动轨迹中推断出小规模的行为，以估算能量预算，确定重要的觅食区域以及了解与人类活动的冲突。该模型可独立为跟踪数据中的运动分配精细的觅食和转运行为，并比较了两种获取阿根廷麦哲伦企鹅（Spheniscus magellanicus）繁殖行为概况的方法。使用最大似然技术估计了一组配置文件（MLE）以及切换速率参数。另一组轮廓（CPF）是从一个单独的数据集中提取的，根据中心地觅食理论将其粗略地分为运输和觅食行为的模板。使用CPF轮廓进行模型分配比使用MLE轮廓进行模型分配具有更高的准确性。第二章介绍了CPF轮廓并将其应用于数学模型中以提取精细的行为模式。结果证实，企鹅通常在距繁殖群最远的地方觅食，但在企鹅往返于觅食区时也发现觅食行为，并且在假定的觅食区中发现过境行为。觅食和过境行为的相对比例以及粗略行为预测的偏离程度在繁殖季节的各个阶段有所不同。第三章报道了麦哲伦企鹅从太平洋殖民地冬季迁徙期间的追踪情况。没有观察到在繁殖企鹅中观察到的过境行为。企鹅越冬地区与人类渔业重叠，在那里企鹅可能面临猎物竞争和渔具附带捕获的竞争。

著录项

  • 作者

    Skewgar, Elizabeth A.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Washington.;

  • 授予单位 University of Washington.;
  • 学科 Biology Ecology.;Applied Mathematics.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2009
  • 页码 75 p.
  • 总页数 75
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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