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Multiphase, multiscale simulation of fractured reservoirs.

机译：裂缝性储层的多相，多尺度模拟。

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Numerical simulation of the geometrically complex fractured reservoirs has been a major engineering challenge. The deficiencies of continuum models are often addressed using the discrete fracture network (DFN) models which represent the complex fracture geometry explicitly. The primary goal in this dissertation is to explore ways of applying the DFN methodology to solve a variety of multiphase problems in oil reservoir simulation. Three-dimensional, three-phase simulators using the control-volume finite-element scheme were used. After completing validation and fracture-property sensitivity studies, the limitation of employing the often-used Oda homogenization method was shown followed by the development of a simpler geometric scheme.;The important question of oil recovery from basement reservoirs (Type I) composed of fractures of various sizes was examined in detail. Oil recovery and breakthrough behavior of this system comprised of seismic and subseismic features were investigated for different oil distributions, permeability values, levels of heterogeneity and rate. In general having more oil distributed in smaller systems led to lower recovery and quicker breakthrough. Lower permeabilities in the subseismic features also led to lower recovery. The recovery at given pore volume of water injected was rate dependent in all of the scenarios explored, with the lower rate production leading to about 5% higher oil in place recovery. This phenomenon was consistent when viewed from the point of view of gravity number for each displacement. The mechanism of gravity-dominated oil recovery in two-phase applications was explored, and a "critical rate" concept for obtaining higher recoveries in gravity-dominated flow was developed.;A multiscale upscaling exercise was performed to match the oil recovery performance from a structured fault zone using a single feature with different sets of relative permeability curves. The effectiveness of using DFN simulations for reservoirs containing matrix and fractures (Type II) was shown using two different systems. It was shown that placing wells either in the fault zone or in the matrix can have significant impact on recovery and breakthrough behavior. It was also demonstrated that fracture networks bring apparent anisotropy, and water-flooding from one direction or the other may affect oil recovery. Fractured reservoir simulation is high-performance computing---data and file management, computation, visualization, etc. are integral components of this exercise. A workflow to facilitate creation of fracture networks, gridding and simulation, and visualization was developed. A fully integrated two-dimensional graphical user interface (java-based) was also built.
机译：几何复杂的裂缝性储层的数值模拟一直是主要的工程挑战。连续模型的不足之处通常可以使用离散裂缝网络（DFN）模型来解决，该模型明确表示复杂的裂缝几何形状。本文的主要目的是探索运用DFN方法解决油藏模拟中的各种多相问题的方法。使用了使用控制量有限元方案的三维三相仿真器。在完成验证和裂缝性质敏感性研究后，显示了采用常用Oda均质化方法的局限性，随后发展出了一种更简单的几何方案。;从由裂缝组成的地下储层（I型）中采油的重要问题详细检查了各种尺寸。针对不同的油分布，渗透率值，非均质性水平和速率，研究了包含地震和亚地震特征的该系统的采油量和突破性能。通常，在较小的系统中分配更多的油会导致较低的采收率和更快的突破。亚地震特征的较低渗透率也导致较低的恢复。在所探究的所有情况下，在给定的孔体积下注水的采收率均与速率相关，而较低的采出率导致采油量提高约5％。从每个位移的重力数的角度来看，这种现象是一致的。探索了两相应用中以重力为主的采油机理，并提出了“临界速率”概念，以在重力为主的流中获得更高的采收率。使用具有不同相对渗透率曲线集的单个特征构造断层带。使用两种不同的系统显示了对包含基质和裂缝（II型）的储层使用DFN模拟的有效性。结果表明，将井放置在断层带或基质中对回收率和突破行为都具有重要影响。还证明了裂缝网络带来明显的各向异性，从一个方向或另一个方向注水可能会影响采油率。裂缝性储层模拟是一种高性能计算-数据和文件管理，计算，可视化等是此练习的组成部分。开发了有助于创建裂缝网络，网格化和模拟以及可视化的工作流程。还构建了完全集成的二维图形用户界面（基于Java）。

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