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A flexible power management system for interfacing with energy harvesting transducers.

机译：灵活的电源管理系统，用于与能量采集传感器接口。

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摘要

Highly efficient energy harvesting, energy storage and voltage regulation are critically important to implement autonomous wireless sensor systems with long lifetimes. A power supply for mixed-signal systems with energy harvesting capabilities is described. This power supply includes novel transducers for solar and vibrational energy harvesting, a low-power mixed-signal controller, a flexible DC/DC converter and an efficient AC/DC converter.;To investigate integrated solar energy harvesting as a power source for low power systems, an array of integrated energy scavenging photodiodes based on a passive-pixel architecture for imagers has been fabricated together with storage capacitors implemented using on-chip interconnect in a 0.35 mum CMOS logic process.;Multiple-electrode piezoelectric-disk-shaped transducers are proposed for converting mechanical vibrations into electrical energy. By exciting a traveling wave in a multiple electrode piezoelectric disk, output voltages with approximately 90° relative phase shifts may be obtained. An equivalent circuit model of the multimode piezoelectric generator is derived. To rectify the vibrational energy from the piezoelectric generator a switched-capacitor AC/DC boost converter is presented.;Alternatively, a CMOS controlled rectifier with integrated peak detection is also proposed for interfacing with the piezoelectric generator. The full-wave rectifier was fabricated in 0.35mum CMOS. Peak detection circuitry allows quadrature input phases from a multiple-electrode piezoelectric transducer to be rectified with reduced output ripple. The rectifier has a measured power efficiency of 98.3% while delivering 90muW and occupying 0.007mm 2.;In addition, this work analyzes the power supply needs for an energy harvesting wireless sensor node, and explores the tradeoffs between various power regulators for this application. A regulator that satisfies the flexibility, efficiency and performance requirements for energy harvesting is analyzed. A mixed-signal sliding-mode controller is proposed to regulate the harvested energy. To further understand the steady state operation of the sliding-mode controller, a theoretical analysis of the mixed-signal regulator based on the two-sinusoidal-input describing function is presented. This theoretical model can then be used to program an adaptive compensation method for reducing the limit-cycle's dependence on the duty cycle for the SM controller.;An interpretation and estimation of the future trends in energy harvesting design is provided. Continued integration and scaling will further reduce power consumption in electrical circuits, allowing energy harvesters to power more complex systems. The integration of energy harvesters on the same die as silicon circuitry may eventually limit performance for both the system and the harvester. For instance, using a photodiode next to a sensitive SRAM may cause bit errors due to lateral photocurrent or direct optical generation. Miniaturization, which has continued to improve the performance of integrated circuits, will increase the resonant frequency of vibrational energy harvesters. This increase in frequency will result in less electrical energy generation for most environments. Emerging energy harvesting systems must be highly flexible in order to meet the system demands of analog, digital, and wireless circuit blocks over a wide range of sensing and environmental conditions.
机译：高效的能量收集，能量存储和电压调节对于实现使用寿命长的自主无线传感器系统至关重要。描述了具有能量收集能力的用于混合信号系统的电源。该电源包括用于太阳能和振动能量收集的新型换能器，低功率混合信号控制器，灵活的DC / DC转换器和高效的AC / DC转换器。;研究集成太阳能收集作为低功率电源在系统中，已经制造出了基于无源像素架构的成像器集成的能量消除光电二极管阵列，以及在0.35um CMOS逻辑工艺中使用片上互连实现的存储电容器。提出将机械振动转换为电能。通过激励多电极压电盘中的行波，可以获得具有大约90°相对相移的输出电压。推导了多模压电发电机的等效电路模型。为了对来自压电发电机的振动能量进行整流，提出了一种开关电容器AC / DC升压转换器。或者，还提出了一种带有集成峰值检测的CMOS控制整流器，用于与压电发电机接口。全波整流器是在0.35μmCMOS中制造的。峰值检测电路允许来自多电极压电换能器的正交输入相位以减少的输出纹波进行整流。该整流器的实测功率效率为98.3％，同时提供90μW的功率并占据0.007mm 2；此外，这项工作分析了能量收集无线传感器节点的电源需求，并探讨了此应用中各种功率调节器之间的权衡。分析了满足能量收集灵活性，效率和性能要求的调节器。提出了一种混合信号滑模控制器来调节所收集的能量。为了进一步了解滑模控制器的稳态操作，提出了基于双正弦输入描述函数的混合信号调节器的理论分析。然后，该理论模型可用于编程自适应补偿方法，以减少SM控制器对极限周期的依赖程度。;提供了对能量收集设计未来趋势的解释和估计。持续的集成和扩展将进一步降低电路的功耗，从而使能量收集器能够为更复杂的系统供电。能量收集器与硅电路集成在同一芯片上可能最终限制系统和收集器的性能。例如，在敏感的SRAM旁使用光电二极管可能会由于横向光电流或直接产生光而导致误码。继续提高集成电路性能的小型化将增加振动能量收集器的共振频率。频率的增加将导致大多数环境下产生的电能更少。新兴的能量采集系统必须具有高度的灵活性，才能在各种传感和环境条件下满足模拟，数字和无线电路模块的系统需求。

著录项

  • 作者

    Guilar, Nathaniel J.;

  • 作者单位

    University of California, Davis.;

  • 授予单位 University of California, Davis.;
  • 学科 Engineering Electronics and Electrical.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2008
  • 页码 144 p.
  • 总页数 144
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 无线电电子学、电信技术;
  • 关键词

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