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Bronze Age Settlement Patterns and the Development of Complex Societies in the Southern Ural Steppes (3500-1400 BC)

机译：乌拉尔草原南部的青铜时代定居模式和复杂社会的发展（公元前3500-1400年）

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摘要

The ethnohistorical record of the Eurasian steppes points to the long-term predominance of extensive herding economies, associated with low population densities and high levels of geographic mobility. Consequently, investigations of early forms of complex socio-political organization in this region have thus far been primarily focused on Bronze Age (ca. 3500 - 1000 BC) funerary and ceremonial monuments, which presumably served as aggregation points for dispersed populations. When it comes to settlement pattern evidence, researchers claim that traditional models of regional-scale demographic organization, developed in the context of settled societies, cannot be applied to the early complex communities of the steppes. In order to learn more about.;In order to learn more about the underlying social forces that were behind the independent emergence of larger more complex social formations in different world regions, this research focuses on the Sintashta (2050 - 1700 BC) development of southern Russia, which commanded particular attention of archaeologists due to the identification of more than twenty nucleated fortified settlements. Chiefly communities associated with these settlements have been considered odd in comparison to other early complex societies due to their small demographic size, lack of supra-local organization, a fairly short chronological span, and an apparent lack of local antecedents.;Regional-scale investigation of the demographic and spatial parameters of Bronze Age communities, conducted in the context of this dissertation, indicates that the fortified settlements were centers of larger districts and therefore represented regional organization that was typical of other chiefdoms. Moreover, supra-local settlement organization and demographic centralization prevailed in the study area for another 300 years after the presumed Sintashta 'collapse'. Such continuity in material correlates of social complexity took place in the context of substantial demographic growth. These results counter some of the previously held notions about the unusualness of the Sintashta trajectory. The novelty of this research stems from the employment of a survey methodology that relied on systematic sub-surface testing, which has never been utilized in the region before. Perhaps more interestingly, by reaffirming the unusually small demographic scale of Sintashta societies, the results of this dissertation support the notion that small scale societies are capable of complex socio-political organization.
机译：欧亚草原的民族历史记录表明，长期以来，广泛的放牧经济占主导地位，这与人口密度低和地理流动性高有关。因此，迄今为止，对该地区复杂的社会政治组织的早期形式的研究主要集中在青铜时代（约公元前3500年-公元前1000年）的丧葬和礼仪纪念碑，据推测这些纪念碑是分散人群的聚集点。关于定居模式证据，研究人员声称，在定居社会的背景下发展起来的传统的区域规模人口组织模型无法应用于草原的早期复杂社区。为了更多地了解。为了更多地了解在不同的世界地区更大，更复杂的社会形态独立出现背后的潜在社会力量，本研究侧重于南部的新达斯塔（2050-1700 BC）发展俄罗斯，由于发现了20多个有核强化定居点，引起了考古学家的特别关注。与其他早期复杂社会相比，与这些定居点相关的社区主要被认为是奇怪的，这是由于其人口规模小，缺乏超地方组织，时间跨度相当短以及明显缺乏当地先例的缘故。在本文的背景下，对青铜时代社区的人口和空间参数的分析表明，设防的定居点是较大地区的中心，因此代表了其他酋长国典型的区域组织。此外，在假定的Sintashta“崩溃”之后，超本地定居组织和人口集中化在研究区域又盛行了300年。社会复杂性的物质关联的这种连续性发生在人口大幅增长的背景下。这些结果与先前持有的有关Sintashta轨迹异常的观点相反。这项研究的新颖性源于采用了一种依靠系统的地下测试的调查方法，该方法以前在该地区从未使用过。也许更有趣的是，通过重申辛塔什塔邦社会的人​​口规模异常小，本论文的结果支持了小规模社会能够构成复杂的社会政治组织的观点。

著录项

  • 作者

    Sharapov, Denis V.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Pittsburgh.;

  • 授予单位 University of Pittsburgh.;
  • 学科 Archaeology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2017
  • 页码 201 p.
  • 总页数 201
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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