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Evolutionary Distinctiveness, Conservation, and Biogeography of the Largest Radiation of New World Songbirds

机译：新世界鸣禽最大辐射的进化显着性，保存性和生物地理学

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摘要

One of the largest obstacles to effective conservation is deciding what areas or species should receive priority. Phylogenetic relatedness provides a measure of functional diversity, and thus is an important factor to consider in these prioritizations. Numerous metrics have been developed that incorporate phylogenetic information into conservation, including Phylogenetic Diversity (PD), Evolutionary Distinctness Rarity (EDR), and the EDGE (Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered) metric. These metrics act as objective tools for ranking species or areas for conservation. I calculated ED and EDGE values for all species of Emberizoidea, the largest radiation of New World songbirds, and provide a species-based prioritization for conservation attention. Using these calculations I found Rhodinocichla rosea to be the most evolutionarily distinct species, representing 13.7 million years of unique evolutionary history, and found Conothraupis mesoleuca to be the highest ranking EDGE species, indicating top priority for conservation. I demonstrate that threatened species in Emberizoidea are slightly more clustered than expected under a random pattern, and suggest this pattern is due to localized radiations occurring in degraded or threatened habitat. Additionally, I examined how different metrics compare to one another, and examined geographic patterns produced by these metrics by examining the largest family of birds within the Emberizoidea radiation (Thraupidae). I demonstrate that the Andes of northern Peru, and two areas in southern Brazil exhibit high species richness, contain high levels of phylogenetic diversity, and are areas of overlap for many high-ranking EDGE species. These factors indicate these regions should be main targets for area-based conservation.;In addition to species and area-based conservation prioritizations, I reconstructed the biogeographic history for a subfamily (Coerebinae) within Thraupidae to examine the biogeographic origin of Darwin's finches. Using a maximum likelihood approach, I reconstructed ancestral ranges to test two hypotheses for the origin of this radiation under a variety of biogeographical models. I demonstrate that state reconstructions can be highly variable based on the biogeographic divisions used. Overall I found equal support for a Caribbean origin to Darwin's finches as for a South American mainland origin, despite the shorter distance between the Galapagos Islands and South American mainland.
机译：有效保护的最大障碍之一是确定哪些区域或物种应得到优先考虑。系统发育相关性提供了功能多样性的度量，因此是在这些优先级中要考虑的重要因素。已经开发出许多将系统发育信息纳入保护的指标，包括系统发育多样性（PD），进化差异稀疏度（EDR）和EDGE（进化差异和全球濒危）指标。这些指标可作为对保护物种或区域进行排名的客观工具。我计算了Embidezoidea的所有物种的ED和EDGE值，这是新大陆鸣禽的最大辐射，并提供了基于物种的优先级划分，以引起保护注意。通过这些计算，我发现玫瑰蔷薇科植物是进化上最独特的物种，代表了1370万年的独特进化史，并且发现美齿瓢虫（Conothraupis mesoleuca）是排名最高的EDGE物种，表明保护工作是重中之重。我证明，在随机模式下，Emberizoidea中的受威胁物种比预期的集群略多，并且表明该模式是由于在退化或受威胁的栖息地中发生的局部辐射所致。此外，我检查了不同指标之间的比较，并通过检查Embidezoidea辐射（Thraupidae）中最大的鸟类来检查了这些指标所产生的地理模式。我证明了秘鲁北部的安第斯山脉和巴西南部的两个地区物种丰富度高，系统发育多样性高，并且是许多高级EDGE物种的重叠区域。这些因素表明这些区域应成为基于区域的保护的主要目标。除了物种和基于区域的保护优先顺序，我还重建了Thraupidae内一个亚科（Coerebinae）的生物地理历史，以研究达尔文雀科的生物地理起源。使用最大似然方法，我重建了祖先范围，以在各种生物地理模型下测试有关辐射起源的两个假设。我证明，根据所使用的生物地理划分，状态重建可能会高度可变。总的来说，尽管加拉巴哥群岛和南美大陆之间的距离较短，但我发现加勒比原产地对达尔文雀科的支持与南美原产地的支持相同。

著录项

  • 作者

    Funk, Erik R.;

  • 作者单位

    San Diego State University.;

  • 授予单位 San Diego State University.;
  • 学科 Evolution development.
  • 学位 M.S.
  • 年度 2017
  • 页码 90 p.
  • 总页数 90
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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