This research aims at increasing the utilization of platinum-ruthenium alloy(Pt-Ru)catalysts and thus lowering the catalyst loading in anodes for methanol electrooxidation.The direct methanol fuel cell’s(DMFC)anodic catalysts,Pt-Ru/C,were prepared by chemical reduction with a reduc-ing agent added in two kinds of solutions under different circumstances.The reducing agent was added in hot solution with the protection of inert gases or just air,and in cold solu-tion with inert gases.The catalysts were treated at different temperatures.Their performance was tested by cyclic voltam-metry and potentiostatic polarization by utilizing their inher-ent powder microelectrode in 0.5 mol/L CH3OH and 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution.The structures and micro-surface images of the catalysts were determined and observed by X-ray diffrac-tion and transmission electron microscopy,respectively.The catalyst prepared in inert gases showed a better catalytic performance for methanol electrooxidation than that prepared in air.It resulted in a more homogeneous distribution of the Pt-Ru alloy in carbon.Its size is small,only about 4.5 nm.The catalytic performance is affected by the order of the reducing agent added.The performance of the catalyst pre-pared by adding the reductant at constant temperature of the solution is better than that prepared by adding it in the solu-tion at 0℃ and then heating it up to the reducing temperature.The structure of the catalyst was modified,and there was an increase in the conversion of ruthenium into the alloyed state and an increase in particle size with the ascension of heat treatment temperature.In addition,the stability of the catalyst was improved after heat treatment.
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机译：The preparation and the in-vitro pharmacodynamics study of the intracapsular sustained-release preparations for the prevention of posterior capsule opacification
机译：How the Group Leaders of Lesson Preparation Groups Facilitate Group Learning and Reflective Practice in Chinese Public High Schools =中国公立高中的备课组长是如何引领团队学习和反思性实践的？
机译：神父市政厅，宗教自由和天主教传统。真实地狱中的均一教义发展案例，阿巴耶·圣马德琳（Les Barroux），第二版。修订和扩充，1998年，T。I，系统学，第一期：Preparations，LX + 466页。第二期：成果，278页。 T. II，编年史，总理专着：资料来源，第594页。第二期：所附文件，430页。 T. III，按字母顺序，第一期：参考书目，552页。第二期：一般分析索引，540页。
