Ethnic nations in the course of modernization are divided into two kinds of nations:the ethnic nations guided by“civil nationalist”and the nations transformed from traditional dynasties, because of different origins of modernization. As a second type of nations, Russia, in the course of modernization and deciding its position, gets into an awkward corner, i.e. internal and external contradictions interact and hold each other up, hence a couple of contradictions cannot be smoothly transformed along with the common tendency of the movement of modern history. As a driving force for modernization, a nation always plays a most important role. But Russia’s historical sediments give it a heavy mission and bring up an extremely profound, nationalist-centered, national consciousness;almost every time a historical turn is driven away from an established goal by a historical inertia because there is not enough driving force, and goes back to the nationalist road at last.% [内容]现代化进程中民族国家的建设因现代化起源的不同分为在市民社会的基础上由“公民民族主义”主导的民族国家和在外部世界影响下由传统王朝国家转化而成的民族国家两种类型。俄罗斯作为第二种类型的民族国家，在现代化的发展进程中，在解决国家定位问题时陷入了一种特殊的困境，即内部性矛盾和外部性矛盾的互动和彼此牵制使其中任何一对矛盾都无法按现代化历史运动的普遍趋势顺利转化。作为现代化的驱动力，国家始终发挥着至关重要的作用。但俄罗斯的历史积淀赋予国家太沉重的使命，造就了极其深厚的以国家主义为中心的民族意识，几乎每一次历史性转折都因内在动力不足而被历史的惯性拖离本来可能达到的目标，最终又回归于国家主义的道路。
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