相较于目前主流的锂离子电池,钠离子电池成本相对较低,因而有望在未来大规模储能系统中获得重要应用,然而其实用化进程仍受制于缺少合适的正负极材料,特别是性能优异且实用化的负极材料.钠离子电池与锂离子电池具有相似的工作原理,但钠离子和锂离子在碳负极材料中的储存行为却有着很大的不同.总体而言,碳材料仍是目前最有望促进钠离子电池实用化的关键负极材料.本文系统总结并分析了目前已有碳材料中钠离子的储存机制,对负极材料的设计思路和研究进展进行了概述,着重阐述了商用化碳分子筛在钠离子电池中的实用化前景.最后,本文对钠离子电池中碳负极材料的未来发展方向进行了展望.%Compared with the widely-used lithium-ion battery (LIB),sodium-ion battery (SIB) is a promising energy storage device for large scale energy storage systems due to the low cost and environmental benignity of sodium.However,its practical use is restricted by the lack of suitable anode and cathode materials,especially the applicable anode materials with high performance.SIBs have similar working mechanism to LIBs,and thus,carbon materials are the most promising anode materials for SIBs.But the storage behaviors ofNa+ and Li+ in carbon-based anodes are quite different.Graphite,which is used as the anode of commercial LIBs,hardly accommodates sodium ions.Thus,many researchers investigated sodium ion storage in disordered carbons,especially the hard carbons.Hard carbon is composed of disordered turbostratic nanodomains (TNs) and the pores formed between these domains.The edge/defect sites on the carbon surface,e.g.,carbenes,vacancies,and dangling bonds on the edges of TNs,the interlayer space in TNs,and the pores can host the sodium ions.High porosity is normally needed to reach a high capacity and rate capability.But this leads to large irreversible reactions,and thus,a low initial Coulombic efficiency and poor cyclic stability.In this paper,sodium ion storage behaviors in different carbon structures are discussed and the design principles and research advances of carbon-based anode materials are reviewed.Particularly,the commercial carbon molecular sieve (CMS) is highlighted as a promising anode material for the practical use of SIBs.Finally, the future development of carbon anodes for SIB is commented and prospected.
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