The number of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies used in clinical trials has recently increased dramatically,leading to the development of optimized downstream purification processes~[1].Staphylococcal protein A(SPA),a cell-wall protein of Staphylococcus aureus,has been developed as a universal ligand for immunoglobulin G(IgG)purification because it binds specifically to the Fc portion of the IgG molecule of many mammals~[2],However,certain characteristics of SPA severely restrict the advancement of the antibody industry.
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