The construction of a highly efficient synthetic biological system requires laborious screening work to optimize the performance of artificial system. Droplet microfluidic techniques miniaturize traditional screening systems,in a uniform pico-liter micro-reactors,the detection of enzymatic reactions and metabolites at single-cell level were measured and screened,thus it can screen genes/cells at a speed up to >108 events per day,which greatly improves the optimizing capability of catalytic parts and engineered strains. Herein,the technical backgrounds while applying droplet microfluidics in synthetic biology system are summarized,focusing on the fluorescence-coupling strategies in the detection of target enzyme reactions and metabolites. Moreover,recent progress on employing droplet microfluidics in the screening and engineering of catalytic parts and metabolic pathways is reviewed,the developing trends of this field are discussed.%构建高效的合成生物学体系经常需要进行大量的筛选工作来优化人工体系的运行效率。液滴微流控（droplet microfluidics）技术将常规筛选体系微型化，在只有皮升（pL）级体积、大小均一的反应器中对酶反应或目标代谢产物进行单细胞水平的检测和筛选，筛选速度可高达108克隆/d，从而极大地提升了人们对催化元件乃至工程菌株优化的能力。综述了液滴微流控技术在合成生物学应用中的技术背景，重点阐述了目标酶反应及产物检测的荧光信号偶联策略，进一步介绍了液滴微流控技术在酶催化元件以及代谢通路的筛选改造方面的研究进展，并展望了该领域的发展趋势。
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