Qinhuangdao Branch Campus;
Northeastern University;
Qinhuangdao 066004;
China;
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering;
University of Windsor;
Windsor;
ON N9B 3P4;
Canada;
Department of Electronics and Information Engineering;
Harbin Institute of Technology;
Harbin 150006;
China;
College of Electronic Engineering;
Guangxi Normal University;
Guilin 541004;
China;
federated learning; broad learning system; deep learning; Internet of Vehicles; data privacy;