With the development of the economy, the industrialization and urbanization in China has been pushed forward rapidly. Under the background of industrialization and urbanization, how to stably improve the grain pro-duction ability in the grain major grain producing areas is of great significance to ensure national food security. Tak-ing Ningxiang county of Hunan province, the biggest rice producing county, as an example, this paper took a deep insight into the challenges and advantages of grain production under the background of industrialization and urbani-zation from the perspective of comprehensive development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, based on the data and material getting from field investigation. The analysis results showed that, under the background of ur-banization and industrialization, Ningxiang had been facing many challenges, such as lack of enthusiasm of local farmers in grain production, the decrease of the multiple cropping index, incomplete subsidy policy in agriculture, and the pressure of sticking to the red line of arable land. At the same time, it also had some advantages including the strong power of local financial resources, the driving ability of increasing farmers' income, and the high scale degree. In the policy recommendations section, this paper took a comparison analysis of production efficiency a-mong different scales, and put forward some specific standards and suggestions for Ningxiang County 's moderate scale management. It concluded that Ningxiang would maintain its dominant position and become a model city of ur-banization, industrialization and agricultural modernization through keeping stabilizing the grain area and improving the financial support policy.%在工业化、城镇化的背景下，稳定提高主产区粮食生产能力对于保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。本文以全国水稻第一生产大县湖南省宁乡县为例，基于工业化、城镇化一、二、三产业综合发展的全局视角下，采用实证分析法，立足于一手调研数据与材料分析，深入剖析了其粮食生产面临的挑战与优势条件。分析结果表明：宁乡县在城镇化、工业化加快推进中，其粮食生产面临农户生产积极性不高、复种指数下降、补贴政策不完善、坚守耕地红线压力加大等多方挑战，同时也具备地方财政收入高、农民增收带动能力强、规模化程度高等优势条件。在政策建议部分，本文对不同规模生产效率对比分析，提出了宁乡适度规模经营的具体标准和发展建议。综合判断，如宁乡县继续稳定粮食播种面积和调整完善财政支农政策，未来其依然可保持其农业大县的优势地位，成为全国城镇化、工业化、农业现代化同步发展的样板城市。
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